Mimicking Horseradish Peroxidase Functions Using Cu²⁺-Modified Carbon Nitride Nanoparticles or Cu²⁺-Modified Carbon Dots as Heterogeneous Catalysts

Abstract

Cu-functionalized carbon nitride nanoparticles (Cu-g-CN NPs), ∼200 nm, and Cu-carbon dots (Cu-C-dots), ∼8 nm, act as horseradish peroxidase-mimicking catalysts. The nanoparticles catalyze the generation of chemiluminescence in the presence of luminol/HO and catalyze the oxidation of dopamine by HO to form aminochrome. The Cu-g-CN-driven generation of chemiluminescence is used to develop a HO sensor and is implemented to develop a glucose detection platform and a sensor for probing glucose oxidase. Also, the Cu-C-dots are functionalized with the β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) receptor units. The concentration of dopamine, at the Cu-C-dots' surface, by means of the β-CD receptor sites, leads to a 4-fold enhancement in the oxidation of dopamine by HO to yield aminochrome compared to that of the unmodified C-dots.

A Review on Iron Oxide‐Based Nanoarchitectures for Biomedical, Energy Storage, and Environmental Applications

“…Colorimetric Biosensors/Nanozymes : The enzyme‐mimicking ability of iron oxide NPs was first discovered in 2007, in which ferromagnetic Fe 3 O 4 NPs were shown to exhibit intrinsic peroxidase‐like activity with catalytic behavior identical to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) . Since then, many other nanomaterials, including metals, metal oxides, carbons, and metal‐modified carbons have been demonstrated to show enzyme‐like activities with catalytic behaviors resembling peroxidase, catalase, glucose oxidase, sulfite oxidase, haloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase, and NADH peroxidase . Thus, the term “nanozymes” has been coined to refer to nanomaterials with enzyme‐mimicking abilities and to distinguish them from externally immobilized enzymes …”

Versatile Three‐Dimensional Porous Cu@Cu2O Aerogel Networks as Electrocatalysts and Mimicking Peroxidases

“…[1] Some metal oxide nanoparticles [2] such as MnO 2 ,Cu 2 O, Fe 3 O 4 ,m etal nanoparticles, [3] alloy nanomaterials, [4] metalorganic frameworks, [5] Cu 2+ -modified graphene oxide nanoparticles, [6] Cu 2+ -modified carbon nitride or carbon dots, [7] hemin-modified peptides, [8] and hemin/G-quadruplex [9] have been reported to mimic the functions of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for bioanalytical applications or used as electrocatalysts to construct non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors. [1] Some metal oxide nanoparticles [2] such as MnO 2 ,Cu 2 O, Fe 3 O 4 ,m etal nanoparticles, [3] alloy nanomaterials, [4] metalorganic frameworks, [5] Cu 2+ -modified graphene oxide nanoparticles, [6] Cu 2+ -modified carbon nitride or carbon dots, [7] hemin-modified peptides, [8] and hemin/G-quadruplex [9] have been reported to mimic the functions of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for bioanalytical applications or used as electrocatalysts to construct non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.…”

Recent Advances in Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Chemiluminescence, Cataluminescence and Electrochemiluminescence

“…-functionalized carbon nitride nanoparticles (Cu 2? -g-C 3 N 4 NPs), which exhibited catalytic properties mimicking HRP catalytic activities [69], the hybrid heterogeneous catalysts can catalyze the generation of chemiluminescence in the system of luminol-H 2 O 2 and dopamine-H 2 O 2 . The surface functionalities associated with g-C 3 N 4 and their catalytic activities provide a means to apply these particles for the development of different sensors and as catalysts for other oxidation processes.…”