Millisecond-Timescale Optical Control of Neural Dynamics in the Nonhuman Primate Brain

Han, Xue; Qian, Xin; Bernstein, Jared; Zhou, Huihui; Franzesi, Giovanni Talei; Stern, Patrick; Bronson, Roderick T.; Graybiel, Ann M.; Desimone, Robert; Boyden, Edward S.

doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.03.011

Cited by 456 publications

(499 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…54 However, we have never observed such artifact with hollow glass microelectrodes. 28,35,54 A few cautions have to be made with glass electrodes in optogenetic experiments. For example, if laser light reaches the Ag/AgCl wire that is in direct contact with the solution inside the glass electrode, light will induce artifact.…”

Section: ■ Light Illumination and Electrophysiologymentioning

confidence: 62%

“…Effort in systematic analysis of various short promoters in several AAV serotypes revealed complex expression patterns in mice, with no clear conclusion on a specific combination of virus and promoter sequences in transducing a particular neuron type. 53 Recently, we have demonstrated specific targeting of monkey cortical excitatory neurons, using a short 1.2 kb mouse CamKII promoter in lentivirus 54 ( Figure 2B). This specificity can be attributed to both the lentivirus tropism as well as the CamKII promoter.…”

Section: ■ Genetic Modification Of Specific Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In Vivo Application of Optogenetics for Neural Circuit Analysis

Han

2012

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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Optogenetics combines optical and genetic methods to rapidly and reversibly control neural activities or other cellular functions. Using genetic methods, specific cells or anatomical pathways can be sensitized to light through exogenous expression of microbial light activated opsin proteins. Using optical methods, opsin expressing cells can be rapidly and reversibly controlled by pulses of light of specific wavelength. With the high spatial temporal precision, optogenetic tools have enabled new ways to probe the causal role of specific cells in neural computation and behavior. Here, we overview the current state of the technology, and provide a brief introduction to the practical considerations in applying optogenetics in vivo to analyze neural circuit functions.

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Section: ■ Light Illumination and Electrophysiologymentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: ■ Genetic Modification Of Specific Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Application of Optogenetics for Neural Circuit Analysis

Han

2012

ACS Chem. Neurosci.

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“…However, optogenetics has provided methods to transiently, delicately, and reversibly turn molecularly identified neuronal cell types or even just their connections off and on again for time-scales lasting from milliseconds to hours. Although such invasive techniques are off-limits in humans, they are being routinely implemented in mice [5,6] and, to a much more limited extent, in monkeys [7][8][9].…”

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confidence: 99%

Top-down attention and consciousness: comment on Cohen et al.

Tsuchiya¹,

Block²,

Koch³

2012

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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Cohen and colleagues masterfully summarize the psychophysical and neurophysiological evidence pertaining to the distinction between visual attention and visual consciousness, concluding that attention is necessary but not sufficient for consciousness [1]. We disagree with their view for the following reasons.In our own work, we have been cautious to claim only that one can become conscious of an attribute of some class of objects in the near absence of top-down, endogenous attentional amplification [2,3]. Given the close relationship between stimulus strength and bottom-up, exogenous attention, we do not think it is possible to dissociate bottomup attention from consciousness.To our mind, the function of both forms of attention is to resolve ambiguity due to large, overlapping receptive fields and the presence of competing objects within cluttered natural scenes. The brain accomplishes this mainly by amplifying the neuronal representation of the attended attribute at the expense of unattended stimuli. These topdown attentional signals originate in frontal and parietal cortical regions, and feed back into earlier sensory corticothalamic stages of processing. However, for detection or coarse discrimination of an isolated object, top-down attention does not play a significant role [4]. There is no computational reason and no evidence for the claim that top-down attention is required to become conscious of simple, isolated objects, such as a single oriented bar.With psychophysical manipulation alone, diffuse topdown attention to a stimulus cannot be excluded. However, optogenetics has provided methods to transiently, delicately, and reversibly turn molecularly identified neuronal cell types or even just their connections off and on again for time-scales lasting from milliseconds to hours. Although such invasive techniques are off-limits in humans, they are being routinely implemented in mice [5,6] and, to a much more limited extent, in monkeys [7][8][9].In the next few years, it will become possible to reversibly turn off feedback from higher cortical regions to visual cortex, without interfering with the forward flow of information. We would argue that under these conditions, top-down attention will have been effectively locked out of visual cortex. It will then become possible to address the question of whether the animals can still respond in a behaviorally meaningful manner to such a non-attended stimulus. Such experiments require sophisticated behavioral controls and very selective molecular tools, as well as large-scale observatories to record the activity of large numbers of genetically identified cell types. This is the aim of the ongoing project MindScope at the Allen Institute for Brain Science [10].Lastly, the authors are overly restrictive in their supposition that, if any one of four distinct ways of withdrawing attention can eliminate conscious perception, then consciousness requires attention. None of these four tasks are 'pure' attentional manipulations: they change processing in a variety of ways, d...

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“…And troubleshooting in monkeys will take much longer than in rats, given the long lifetime and high value -experimental, financial and ethical -of the animals. But in April 2009, Desimone and his colleagues worked with Boyden to publish the first experiment showing that viruses can be used to insert opsin channels and control neural activity in a macaque 4 .…”

Section: News Featurementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroscience: Illuminating the brain

Buchen¹

2010

Nature

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Millisecond-Timescale Optical Control of Neural Dynamics in the Nonhuman Primate Brain

Cited by 456 publications

References 29 publications

In Vivo Application of Optogenetics for Neural Circuit Analysis

In Vivo Application of Optogenetics for Neural Circuit Analysis

Top-down attention and consciousness: comment on Cohen et al.

Neuroscience: Illuminating the brain

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