Top-down attention and consciousness: comment on Cohen et al.

Abstract

Cohen and colleagues masterfully summarize the psychophysical and neurophysiological evidence pertaining to the distinction between visual attention and visual consciousness, concluding that attention is necessary but not sufficient for consciousness [1]. We disagree with their view for the following reasons.In our own work, we have been cautious to claim only that one can become conscious of an attribute of some class of objects in the near absence of top-down, endogenous attentional amplification [2,3]. Given the close relationship between stimulus strength and bottom-up, exogenous attention, we do not think it is possible to dissociate bottomup attention from consciousness.To our mind, the function of both forms of attention is to resolve ambiguity due to large, overlapping receptive fields and the presence of competing objects within cluttered natural scenes. The brain accomplishes this mainly by amplifying the neuronal representation of the attended attribute at the expense of unattended stimuli. These topdown attentional signals originate in frontal and parietal cortical regions, and feed back into earlier sensory corticothalamic stages of processing. However, for detection or coarse discrimination of an isolated object, top-down attention does not play a significant role [4]. There is no computational reason and no evidence for the claim that top-down attention is required to become conscious of simple, isolated objects, such as a single oriented bar.With psychophysical manipulation alone, diffuse topdown attention to a stimulus cannot be excluded. However, optogenetics has provided methods to transiently, delicately, and reversibly turn molecularly identified neuronal cell types or even just their connections off and on again for time-scales lasting from milliseconds to hours. Although such invasive techniques are off-limits in humans, they are being routinely implemented in mice [5,6] and, to a much more limited extent, in monkeys [7][8][9].In the next few years, it will become possible to reversibly turn off feedback from higher cortical regions to visual cortex, without interfering with the forward flow of information. We would argue that under these conditions, top-down attention will have been effectively locked out of visual cortex. It will then become possible to address the question of whether the animals can still respond in a behaviorally meaningful manner to such a non-attended stimulus. Such experiments require sophisticated behavioral controls and very selective molecular tools, as well as large-scale observatories to record the activity of large numbers of genetically identified cell types. This is the aim of the ongoing project MindScope at the Allen Institute for Brain Science [10].Lastly, the authors are overly restrictive in their supposition that, if any one of four distinct ways of withdrawing attention can eliminate conscious perception, then consciousness requires attention. None of these four tasks are 'pure' attentional manipulations: they change processing in a variety of ways, d...

Dissociation Between Attention and Consciousness During a Novel Task: An ERP Study

“…Some authors argue that consciousness is necessary for attention, while others consider attention as a prerequisite of consciousness [2,3,[10][11][12]. For instance, Naccache et al [9] stated that attention is necessary but not sufficient for consciousness.…”

“…The former is defined as the case where qualitative experiences, such as simple color sensations, are present. In the visual modality, phenomenal consciousness covers the entire subjective visual field in a similar manner as iconic memory does [11]. Neural mechanisms of the contents of phenomenal visual consciousness most likely reside in the cortical extrastriate visual areas, especially along the ventral visual stream [11].…”

“…In the visual modality, phenomenal consciousness covers the entire subjective visual field in a similar manner as iconic memory does [11]. Neural mechanisms of the contents of phenomenal visual consciousness most likely reside in the cortical extrastriate visual areas, especially along the ventral visual stream [11]. Reflective, or access, consciousness, by contrast, consists of only those relatively few contents of phenomenal consciousness that have been selected in an attentive mode for further cognitive processing in working memory [11].…”

“…Neural mechanisms of the contents of phenomenal visual consciousness most likely reside in the cortical extrastriate visual areas, especially along the ventral visual stream [11]. Reflective, or access, consciousness, by contrast, consists of only those relatively few contents of phenomenal consciousness that have been selected in an attentive mode for further cognitive processing in working memory [11]. Considering these definitions, it seems that phenomenal consciousness is a prerequisite of access consciousness.…”

“…Therefore, evaluation of ERPs are attractive for neuroscience and, particularly, for attention-consciousness studies [19]. In the relevant works [11,[25][26][27][28], it was found that that an enhancement of the P100 wave correlates with visual consciousness. These studies were faced with the problem of possible interference between attention and arousal, as they manipulated consciousness using methods that are vulnerable to attention.…”