Microwave Irradiation: An Important Tool to Functionalize Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes

Abstract

Microwave irradiation is an important tool in the functionalization of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes. These are compounds with excellent properties that make them useful for the development of optoelectronic organic devices. The applications of microwaves in the chemistry of these materials are reviewed.

Modulation of the exfoliated graphene work function through cycloaddition of nitrile imines

“…Pyrazolinefunctionalized graphene hybrids 3a-d were prepared in a one-pot procedure from hydrazones 1a-d and NCS in the presence of NEt 3 and these were reacted with EG for 6 days at 170 1C (Scheme 1, bottom). 16,68 Microwave heating methods have emerged as an interesting alternative in fullerene, 69 carbon nanotube 70 and graphene chemistry; 71 therefore, this source of energy was used in these reactions and the reaction time was reduced to 1 hour.…”

Microwave‐Assisted Functionalization of Carbon Nanostructures in Ionic Liquids

“…[4,5] Several FPs have been prepared under MW irradiation by Langa and coworkers, with yields up to 37 % and interesting regioselectivities in the case of additions to C 70 . [4] In these reactions, toluene, benzene, or o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) have been Abstract: The effect of microwave (MW) irradiation and ionic liquids (IL) on the cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to [60]fullerene has been investigated by screening the reaction protocol with regard to the IL medium composition, the applied MW power, and the simultaneous cooling of the system.…”

“…[60]Fullerene conversion up to 98 % is achieved in 2-10 min, by using a 1:3 mixture of the IL 1-methyl-3-n-octyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([omim]BF 4 ) and o-dichlorobenzene, and an applied power as low as 12 W.…”

“…In the present work, we explore the use of the so-called "bucky gels", as reaction media, when exposed to reagents and to MW irradiation. We tested three different ILs, namely [bmim]BF 4 N]) on the SWNT exfoliation ability and cycloaddition promotion. The exfoliation ability was investigated through rheological measurements at 25 and 60 8C in order to study the changes in stability, consistency, and degree of the IL coating on the SWNT by varying the IL nature and temperature.…”

“…In addition, an increase in the temperature (from 25 to 60 8C) generates a decrease of the viscosity and also a further reduction of the shear stress. As far as the comparison of the investigated gels is concerned, the trend of the complex viscosity h*, of the elastic modulus and of the steady shear viscosity, h, follow approximately the order [ 4 . The higher the values of G' and G'', the greater the number of interactions and/or the stronger the interactions within the gel.…”