The artificial leaf project calls for new materials enabling multielectron catalysis with minimal overpotential, high turnover frequency, and long-term stability. Is graphene a better material than carbon nanotubes to enhance water oxidation catalysis for energy applications? Here we show that functionalized graphene with a tailored distribution of polycationic, quaternized, ammonium pendants provides an sp(2) carbon nanoplatform to anchor a totally inorganic tetraruthenate catalyst, mimicking the oxygen evolving center of natural PSII. The resulting hybrid material displays oxygen evolution at overpotential as low as 300 mV at neutral pH with negligible loss of performance after 4 h testing. This multilayer electroactive asset enhances the turnover frequency by 1 order of magnitude with respect to the isolated catalyst, and provides a definite up-grade of the carbon nanotube material, with a similar surface functionalization. Our innovation is based on a noninvasive, synthetic protocol for graphene functionalization that goes beyond the ill-defined oxidation-reduction methods, allowing a definite control of the surface properties.
A salophen cobalt(II) complex enables water oxidation at neutral pH in photoactivated sacrificial cycles under visible light, thus confirming the high appeal of earth abundant single site catalysis for artificial photosynthesis.Inspired by the natural Mn 4 CaO x oxygen evolving centre in photosystem II, 1 remarkable efforts have been dedicated towards the development of multinuclear transition metal complexes enabling water oxidation for artificial photosynthesis. 2,3 Multimetallic catalysts could in principle distribute the oxidation equivalents necessary for water oxidation over several metal centres, thus lowering the energy barrier of the overall catalytic process. 3 However, the design of multi-metallic cores with oxygen evolving activity poses synthetic and stability hurdles. Noteworthily, single site metal complexes have been recently discovered, whose oxygen evolving activity offers a major opportunity to broaden the catalyst space within fundamental coordination chemistry. 4 Of particular interest are the earth-abundant cobalt complexes featuring polydentate organic ligands, such as corroles, polypyridines, porphyrins, and polyamines, which have been used under dark electrocatalysis conditions, 5 and in few cases also within photoactivated cycles. 6 Ligand diversity is expected to play a crucial role in tuning photocatalytic water oxidation, with the urgent quest to both optimize sequential photoinduced electron transfer and facilitate the dark-phase of the catalytic mechanism under a turnover regime.In this communication we present a cobalt(II) complex with a salophen ligand (N,N 0 -bis(salicylaldehyde)-1,2-phenylenediamine), ) as the sacrificial electron acceptor (Scheme 1). Combined UV-vis, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) evidence identifies CoSlp as a competent oxygen evolving catalyst (OEC), enabling a two-fold photoinduced electron transfer in the ms time-frame. Our results confirm the ''privileged'' nature of the salophen ligand environment, readily available from simple condensation reactions, with wide applicability in different fields of catalysis, including bioinspired oxidations. CoSlp is obtained by direct reaction of cobalt acetate with the salophen ligand in methanol, followed by precipitation with diethyl ether and recrystallization.8 † Its solid state and solution identity was initially verified using FT-IR and UV-vis spectroscopy through comparison with literature data (Fig. S2 and S3, ESI †), 8 then confirmed using ESI-MS, where a base peak at m/z = 374 was observed, ascribed to the [CoSlpÁH] + ion (Fig. S4, ESI †). In the solid state, the cobalt ion in CoSlp displays a square planar geometry, 8c while in aqueous solution it extends the coordination sphere to square pyramidal, by ligation of a water molecule in the apical position. 8d Spectrophotometric titration yields a pK a = 6.40 for the aquo ligand (Fig. S5, ESI †), 9 which is therefore expected to be deprotonated at neutral pH, turning into a hydroxo moiety. Characterisation of CoSlp by...
The effect of microwave (MW) irradiation and ionic liquids (IL) on the cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to [60]fullerene has been investigated by screening the reaction protocol with regard to the IL medium composition, the applied MW power, and the simultaneous cooling of the system. [60]Fullerene conversion up to 98 % is achieved in 2-10 min, by using a 1:3 mixture of the IL 1-methyl-3-n-octyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([omim]BF(4)) and o-dichlorobenzene, and an applied power as low as 12 W. The mono- versus poly-addition selectivity to [60]fullerene can be tuned as a function of fullerene concentration. The reaction scope includes aliphatic, aromatic, and fluorous-tagged (FT) derivatives. MW irradiation of IL-structured bucky gels is instrumental for the functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), yielding group coverages of up to one functional group per 60 carbon atoms of the SWNT network. An improved performance is obtained in low viscosity bucky gels, in the order [bmim]BF(4)> [omim]BF(4)> [hvim]TF(2)N (bmim=1-methyl-3-n-butyl imidazolium; hvim=1-vinyl-3-n-hexadecyl imidazolium). With this protocol, the introduction of fluorous-tagged pyrrolidine moieties onto the SWNT surface (1/108 functional coverage) yields novel FT-CNS (carbon nanostructures) with high affinity for fluorinated phases.
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