“…The glassy amorphous material was identified as the broad hump in the XRD spectra which was observed to occur between 20° and 40° 2h. This hump was also identified by other researchers (Inada et al, 2005;Ríos and Williams, 2008). The main mineral phases in the fused fly ash were Na-aluminate (Na 2 AlO 3 ) and Na-silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) and no presence of Quartz, Hematite and Mullite remained.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The spherical shaped particles are mostly related to the cooling effect since fly ash particles solidify while suspended in the flue gases (Kutchko and Kim, 2006). Their smooth surface is attributed to the fact that these particles are covered with an amorphous glass phase (Inada et al, 2005). From the morphological analysis of fused fly ash, presented in Fig.…”
Musyoka, N.M. et al. (2013). Synthesis of zeolites from coal ash using mine waters.
Abstract:In this study mine waters obtained from coal mining operations in South Africa were used as a substitute for pure water during the synthesis of zeolites from South African coal fly ash. Procedures that had been optimized to produce single phase zeolite Na-P1 and X using pure water were employed independently. The use of circumneutral mine water resulted in similar quality zeolite Na-P1 and X whereas the use of acidic mine drainage led to the formation of a single phase hydroxysodalite zeolite. Since these two wastes (fly ash and mine waters) are found in close proximity to each other, this study demonstrates that they can be used to ameliorate each other and at the same time produce saleable zeolitic products that can be used to offset their costs of disposal and treatment.
“…The glassy amorphous material was identified as the broad hump in the XRD spectra which was observed to occur between 20° and 40° 2h. This hump was also identified by other researchers (Inada et al, 2005;Ríos and Williams, 2008). The main mineral phases in the fused fly ash were Na-aluminate (Na 2 AlO 3 ) and Na-silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ) and no presence of Quartz, Hematite and Mullite remained.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The spherical shaped particles are mostly related to the cooling effect since fly ash particles solidify while suspended in the flue gases (Kutchko and Kim, 2006). Their smooth surface is attributed to the fact that these particles are covered with an amorphous glass phase (Inada et al, 2005). From the morphological analysis of fused fly ash, presented in Fig.…”
Musyoka, N.M. et al. (2013). Synthesis of zeolites from coal ash using mine waters.
Abstract:In this study mine waters obtained from coal mining operations in South Africa were used as a substitute for pure water during the synthesis of zeolites from South African coal fly ash. Procedures that had been optimized to produce single phase zeolite Na-P1 and X using pure water were employed independently. The use of circumneutral mine water resulted in similar quality zeolite Na-P1 and X whereas the use of acidic mine drainage led to the formation of a single phase hydroxysodalite zeolite. Since these two wastes (fly ash and mine waters) are found in close proximity to each other, this study demonstrates that they can be used to ameliorate each other and at the same time produce saleable zeolitic products that can be used to offset their costs of disposal and treatment.
“…A potência máxima do micro-ondas foi 60 W para garantir que a temperatura de 120 °C seria atingida nos tempos de reação desejados (10,20, 30 e 40 min) e a pressão variando em função da potência, de acordo com o equipamento. A temperatura e a pressão foram controladas dentro do reator e o fluxo constante de ar (cerca de 10 bar de pressão) garantiu um controle rigoroso das condições das sínteses.…”
Section: [Zn(bdc)(h 2 O) 2 ] Nunclassified
“…5,6 Geralmente, sínteses em fornos de micro-ondas têm uma drástica redução no tempo reacional e sua simplicidade e eficiência energética no processo de aquecimento têm se tornado um fator preponderante na escolha do método sintético. 7,8 O método de irradiação de micro-ondas tem sido estudado em sínteses não apenas de moléculas orgânicas, 9 mas também de materiais inorgânicos, incluindo várias zeólitas, 10,11 peneiras moleculares e nanopartículas. 12,13 Devido ao curto tempo gasto durante o processo de cristalização desses materiais, sínteses por micro-ondas provêm métodos sintéticos de materiais porosos com economia de tempo de reação dentro de alguns minutos, oferecendo seletividade de etapas e facilidade no controle da morfologia.…”
“…Along with traditional methods of impact to petroleum and petroleum products to improve their physical and chemical properties, fractional composition, there are also methods of wave impact, which include magnetic, electromagnetic, acoustic ways of processing, and other fields on the properties of oil (Inada, et al, 2005;Domínguez, et al, 2007;Venkatesh Kamath, et al, 2011;Kemalov, et al, 2012).…”
According to modern conceptualizations oil forms complex dispersed system containing disperse phase formed of high molecular compounds: long-straight-chained hydrocarbons or asphaltene-resin compounds with high concentration of heteroelements and metals and dispersion media formed of hydrocarbons of less molecular weight. These days, along with traditional methods for oil treating, the new ones are appearing aimed at transforming of high molecular compounds into smaller ones. And the role of magnetic, electromagnetic, acoustic field's investigations on the properties of the oil is growing. For the proper impact on oil it is necessary to conduct deep investigations of the oil components structure changes. In this regard, considerable interest, first of all, is quantum-chemical analysis of the relationship "carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon -hydrogen (C-H), which is conducted not at the molecular but at the atomic level. So the purpose of the work was to conduct the quantum energy calculations of the parameters of electromagnetic impact on heavy hydrocarbons. With the changes in temperature of the system, the vibration frequency of atomic bonds will be also changed. Consequently, in any attempt to impact on petroleum components with using external excitation sources, should be taken into account the temperature factor and must be established connection between the source of impact and temperature. In this paper additional opportunities to specify the resonant excitation temperature of oil and the relationship between temperature and frequency characteristics of the atoms and molecules were identified.
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