Microwave-Assisted Preparation of Organo-Lead Halide Perovskite Single Crystals

Abstract

The efficiency of organo-lead halide perovskite-based optoelectronic devices is dramatically lower for amorphous materials compared to highly crystalline ones. Therefore, it is challenging to optimize and scale up the production of large-sized single crystals of perovskite materials. Here, we describe a novel and original approach to preparing lead halide perovskite single crystals by applying microwave radiation during the crystallization. The microwave radiation primarily causes precise heating control in the whole volume and avoids temperature fluctuations. Moreover, this facile microwave-assisted method of preparation is highly reproducible and fully automated, it and can be applied for various different perovskite structures. In addition, this cost-effective method is expected to be easily scalable because of its versatility and low energy consumption. The crystallization process has low heat losses; therefore, only a low microwave reactor power of 8–15 W during the temperature changes and of less than 1 W during the temperature holding is needed.

Microwave Synthesis and High‐Mobility Charge Transport of Carbon‐Nanotube‐in‐Perovskite Single Crystals

“…[38] So far, there have been few reports on the microwave-assisted synthesis of halide perovskites. [39][40][41][42] In 2017, Pan et al reported a series of CsPbX 3 nanocrystals with narrow particle size dispersion and optimal physical properties synthesized by microwave-assisted method for light-emitting diode applications. [40] Very recently, microwave heating was applied to replace conventional hot plate heating for annealing large-scale hybrid perovskite films.…”

Simulation study of Formamidinium Lead Halide (FAPbX3; X = I and Br) Based Perovskite Solar Cells Using SCAPS-1D Device Simulator

“…A new method for the preparation of MAPbX3 and FAPbX3 (X = I and Br) perovskite based single crystals was introduced by applying microwave radiation in a in a microwave reactor. The synthesized perovskite crystals showed the same properties as compared to crystal prepared by the traditional ITC methods [2]. Kimball et al reported the replacement of methylammonium cations by formamidinium cations using a solid-liquid-solid cation exchange reaction and found that the synthesized FAPbX3 showed high photoluminescence quantum yields (PL QYs) of up to 69 % [3].…”

Rapid growth of the CH3NH3PbCl3 single crystal by microwave irradiation

“…42 The CH 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 single crystal has highly potential application in various applications including photovoltaics, LEDs, lasers, photodetectors and other optoelectronic devices. 5,14,26 It is worth to note that the CH 3 NH 3 PbCl 3 single crystal with the (100) and (110) planes orientations exhibits superior optoelectronical properties compare to other crystal orientation, especially for the photodetector application. Owing to its anisotropic properties, the (100) planes was reported to possesses stronger charge transportation capacity than other orientation.…”

“…A microwave irradiation has also been reported successfully to promote the growth of the single crystal OTPs i.e., MAPbI 3 and MAPbBr 3 . 26 The low power of microwave irradiation that used led to the well-controlled temperature result in the similar crystal growth as the conventional ITC. Although the crystal growth process represents a low energy consumption, it still consumes a relatively long-time crystallization process in several hours with a relatively smaller bulk dimension compared to the single crystal prepared from the conventional ITC method.…”