Microsurgical Anatomy of the Central Core of the Brain

Ribas, Eduardo Carvalhal; Yağmurlu, Kaan; Oliveira, Evandro de; Ribas, Guilherme Carvalhal; Rhoton, Albert L.

doi:10.1055/s-0038-1672356

Cited by 16 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…The external capsule is a part of the central core, a network on top of the brainstem that includes structures like the insular surface, the extreme and internal capsules, the lentiform nucleus or the thalamus [61]. The extreme and external capsules lie in anteroposterior disposition, and they are connected to the anteroinferior part of the insula [61]. The lentiform nucleus is located between the external and internal capsules [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extreme and external capsules lie in anteroposterior disposition, and they are connected to the anteroinferior part of the insula [61]. The lentiform nucleus is located between the external and internal capsules [61]. The internal, external and extreme capsules connect the insular surface, basal ganglia and thalamus to the cerebral lobes [61].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The lentiform nucleus is located between the external and internal capsules [61]. The internal, external and extreme capsules connect the insular surface, basal ganglia and thalamus to the cerebral lobes [61]. Russo et al reported that, in the insula and lentiform nucleus, migraine patients, compared to HC, are characterised by an increased blood oxygenation level dependent response [62].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White matter changes in chronic and episodic migraine: a diffusion tensor imaging study

et al. 2020

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Background: White matter alterations have been observed in patients with migraine. However, no microstructural white matter alterations have been found particularly in episodic or chronic migraine patients, and there is limited research focused on the comparison between these two groups of migraine patients. Methods: Fifty-one healthy controls, 55 episodic migraine patients and 57 chronic migraine patients were recruited and underwent brain T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI acquisition. Using Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS), fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity and axial diffusivity were compared between the different groups. On the one hand, all migraine patients were compared against healthy controls. On the other hand, patients from each migraine group were compared between them and also against healthy controls. Correlation analysis between clinical features (duration of migraine in years, time from onset of chronic migraine in months, where applicable, and headache and migraine frequency, where applicable) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging measures was performed. Results: Fifty healthy controls, 54 episodic migraine and 56 chronic migraine patients were finally included in the analysis. Significant decreased axial diffusivity (p < .05 false discovery rate and by number of contrasts corrected) was found in chronic migraine compared to episodic migraine in 38 white matter regions from the Johns Hopkins University ICBM-DTI-81 White-Matter Atlas. Significant positive correlation was found between time from onset of chronic migraine and mean fractional anisotropy in the bilateral external capsule, and negative correlation between time from onset of chronic migraine and mean radial diffusivity in the bilateral external capsule. Conclusions: These findings suggest global white matter structural differences between episodic migraine and chronic migraine. Patients with chronic migraine could present axonal integrity impairment in the first months of chronic migraine with respect to episodic migraine patients. White matter changes after the onset of chronic migraine might reflect a set of maladaptive plastic changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White matter changes in chronic and episodic migraine: a diffusion tensor imaging study

et al. 2020

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“…This solid block includes, from lateral to medial, the insular surface, the extreme capsule, the claustrum, the external capsule, the putamen, the globus pallidus, the internal capsule, the caudate nucleus, the stria terminalis, the septal region, and the thalamus. 8 Also included in the concept of the central core is the medial portion of the anterior commissure and structures above and posterior to the anterior perforated substance, including the nucleus accumbens (ventral striatum), the Meynert basal nuclei, the ventral amygdalofugal pathways, and the innominate substance, corresponding to the ventral globus pallidus. Superiorly, the central core connects almost to the entire cerebral cortex through the cerebral isthmus and, inferiorly, through white projecting fibers that descend to the brainstem.…”

Section: Central Core Of the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,10,11 The third ventricle, the hypothalamus, and the epithalamus are grouped together in the midline, between the central cores of the left and right hemispheres. 8…”

Section: Central Core Of the Brainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Insular Lobe of Reil: Neurophysiological and Anatomical Features

2019

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The insular lobe has long been investigated, from its anatomical descriptions to its neurophysiological activity. Located in a central location, the insular lobe participates in several afferent and efferent pathways, forming part of the eloquent and fundamental structures that make up the central core of the brain. The lobe of the insula has participation in language function, such as speech, sensory (e.g., taste), limbic, autonomic (visceral), also forming part of complex associative circuits, including part of the circuits of mirror neurons. Several functional descriptions attributed to the insular lobe have been made in patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases, as well as in those with epilepsy. Much progress and many descriptions have also been made in patients with tumors. Despite much information already available about the insular lobe, it is likely that much will be discovered in the coming years.

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Blood supply to the corticospinal tract: A pictorial review with application to cranial surgery and stroke

et al. 2021

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The corticospinal tract (CST) is the main neural pathway responsible for conducting voluntary motor function in the central nervous system. The CST condenses into fiber bundles as it descends from the frontoparietal cortex, traveling down to terminate at the anterior horn of the spinal cord. The CST is at risk of injury from vascular insult from strokes and during neurosurgical procedures. The aim of this article is to identify and describe the vasculature associated with the CST from the cortex to the medulla. Dissection of cadaveric specimens was carried out in a manner, which exposed and preserved the fiber tracts of the CST, as well as the arterial systems that supply them. At the level of the motor cortex, the CST is supplied by terminal branches of the anterior cerebral artery and middle cerebral artery. The white matter tracts of the corona radiata and internal capsule are supplied by small perforators including the lenticulostriate arteries and branches of the anterior choroidal artery. In the brainstem, the CST is supplied by anterior perforating branches from the basilar and vertebral arteries. The caudal portions of the CST in the medulla are supplied by the anterior spinal artery, which branches from the vertebral arteries. The nonanastomotic nature of the vessel systems of the CST highlights the importance of their preservation during neurosurgical procedures. Anatomical knowledge of the CST is paramount to clinical diagnosis and treatment of heterogeneity of neurodegenerative, neuroinflammatory, cerebrovascular, and skull base tumors.

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Microsurgical Anatomy of the Central Core of the Brain

Cited by 16 publications

References 0 publications

White matter changes in chronic and episodic migraine: a diffusion tensor imaging study

White matter changes in chronic and episodic migraine: a diffusion tensor imaging study

Unveiling the Insular Lobe of Reil: Neurophysiological and Anatomical Features

Blood supply to the corticospinal tract: A pictorial review with application to cranial surgery and stroke

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