Microstructural phase evaluation of high-nitrogen Fe–Cr–Mn alloy powders synthesized by the mechanical alloying process

Structural, microstructural and thermal properties of lead-free bismuth–sodium–barium–titanate piezoceramics synthesized by mechanical alloying

“…Examining the 60 h pattern, while the increase in peak broadening continues, it can be observed that due to the presence of a high amount of amorphous phase in the structure, the high angle peaks (2u > 508) disappear [22]. At 100 h of milling, the peak sharpness of the initial phases diminishes, while the sharpness of pyrochlore and especially of the BNBT peaks increases considerably, and due to the crystallization of amorphous phase, the high angle peaks become visible.…”

“…By starting the milling process, the peak broadening of the initial materials enhances at different rates where that of the Na 2 CO 3 and Bi 2 O 3 phases is more significant. It can be attributed to the combination of several reasons such as (a) a decrease in the crystallite size of initial materials [22], (b) an increase in the lattice strain of these materials, and (c) an amorphous phase formation during milling [23]. Further examination of the XRD pattern of the 10 h milled powders indicates that despite the utilization of a relatively low energy milling, several peaks of perovskite BNBT (around 2u = 228 and 2u = 318), pyrochlore (around 2u = 298 and 2u = 29.58), and perovskite BNT (around 2u = 31.58) with low intensity and sharpness are detectable.…”

“…BNBT can be produced by various chemical methods [16][17][18] which have disadvantage like expensive precursors and complexity of processing parameters [19,20]. Mechanical alloying (MA) is one of the solid state routes employed extensively to produce structures far from their equilibrium states such as supersaturated solid state solutions, amorphous phases, and nanocrystalline materials [21][22][23].…”

“…During MA, powder particles are subjected to severe plastic deformation and repeated cold welding and fractures which promote atomic scale alloying [22,23].…”

Influence of Milling Time on Structural and Microstructural Parameters of Ni50Ti50 Prepared by Mechanical Alloying Using Rietveld Analysis

“…The amount of the amorphous phase is obtained as the complement to one of the total amounts of crystalline phases [31]. The weight percentage of the amorphous phase in a sample can be given by the following relationship [35]:…”