Microscopic Methods for Identification of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria from Various Habitats

Abstract

This paper is devoted to microscopic methods for the identification of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In this context, it describes various habitats, morphology and techniques used for the detection and identification of this very heterogeneous group of anaerobic microorganisms. SRB are present in almost every habitat on Earth, including freshwater and marine water, soils, sediments or animals. In the oil, water and gas industries, they can cause considerable economic losses due to their hydrogen sulfide production; in periodontal lesions and the colon of humans, they can cause health complications. Although the role of these bacteria in inflammatory bowel diseases is not entirely known yet, their presence is increased in patients and produced hydrogen sulfide has a cytotoxic effect. For these reasons, methods for the detection of these microorganisms were described. Apart from selected molecular techniques, including metagenomics, fluorescence microscopy was one of the applied methods. Especially fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in various modifications was described. This method enables visual identification of SRB, determining their abundance and spatial distribution in environmental biofilms and gut samples.

Insight into the metabolic potential and ecological function of a novel Magnetotactic Nitrospirota in coral reef habitat

“…XS-1 potentially has versatile metabolic pathways of sulfur which could benefit the coral reef health ( Figure 8 ). Sulfide is generally released into the environment by sulfate-reducing bacteria, which are widely distributed ( Kushkevych et al, 2021 ), and coral reef habitats are also subject to the potential occurrence of hydrogen sulfide toxicity. Because of its sulfide oxidation capacity, XS-1 may contribute to the removal of harmful H 2 S from coral reef sediments.…”

The role of organic acid metabolites in geo-energy pipeline corrosion in a sulfate reducing bacteria environment

“…SRB do not metabolize complex organic compounds, such as those included as substrates in the test medium, instead metabolize short chain organic acids (low-molecular-weight organic acids). Fermentative bacteria produce a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, and these include organic acids (acetic, L-ascorbic, gluconic, glucuronic, formic, peroxides and oxalic, oxalacetic, butyric, succinic, propionic, fumaric, citric, malic, and glyoxylic acid, kojic, phenylacetic, indolylacetic, dihydroxydibenzenecarboxylic, glutaconic and 4-hydroxymandelic acids), ketones, and alcohols (ethanol, propanol, and butanol) (Bao et al, 2012;Kushkevych et al, 2021;Lugauskas et al, 2009;Naranjo et al, 2015;Sand and Gehrke, 2003;Tran et al, 2021).…”

flow assurance problems in the geo-energy industry: microbial influenced corrosion, and precipitation of clays in reservoir acid stimulation

“…The pH ranges from 3.0 -5.5 in a Na2S.xH2O (H2S)/CO2 environment in as well distilled water as brine (Table 3.10). This pH range is within the optimum environmental pH for the growth of Acidophilic SRB (Kushkevych et al, 2021;Tran et al, 2021). From the literature, the produced H2S is more soluble than CO2 at this pH range implying that reaction 3.3 is dominant over reaction 12a (Ma et al, 2000).…”

“…In this context, an oxidant such as sulfate serves as the terminal electron acceptor to adsorb the electrons released from organic carbon oxidation. Fermentative bacteria produce a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, and these include organic acids (acetic, L-ascorbic, gluconic, glucuronic, formic, peroxides and oxalic, oxalacetic, butyric, succinic, propionic, fumaric, citric, malic, and glyoxylic acid, kojic, phenylacetic, indolylacetic, dihydroxydibenzenecarboxylic, glutaconic and 4-hydroxymandelic acids), ketones, and alcohols (ethanol, propanol, and butanol) (Bao et al, 2012;Kushkevych et al, 2021;Lugauskas et al, 2009;Naranjo et al, 2015;Sand and Gehrke, 2003;Tran et al, 2021). an organic carbon (e.g aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons in oil and gas) and produce energy through substrate-level phosphorylation (Xu et al, 2016).…”

“…This H2S causes severe corrosion in the oil, gas, and geothermal industries and contributes to 50% of MIC (Ibrahim et al, 2018;Kip and Van Veen, 2015;Liu et al, 2019;Zhang et al, 2020). On the other hand, SRB oxidize organic substrate into CO2 (Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction, chemical equation 3.1) another source causing carbon steel corrosion (Kushkevych et al, 2021;Plugge et al, 2011;Tran et al, 2021). SRB are sensitive to environmental pH for growth, thus SRB are divided into three groups: acidophilic (pH of 2.9 to 6.5), alkaliphilic (pH of 6.9 to 9.9), and neutrophilic (pH of 6 to 8) (Tran et al, 2021).…”