Microfluidic-Based Electrochemical Immunosensing of Ferritin

Abstract

Ferritin is a clinically important biomarker which reflects the state of iron in the body and is directly involved with anemia. Current methods available for ferritin estimation are generally not portable or they do not provide a fast response. To combat these issues, an attempt was made for lab-on-a-chip-based electrochemical detection of ferritin, developed with an integrated electrochemically active screen-printed electrode (SPE), combining nanotechnology, microfluidics, and electrochemistry. The SPE surface was modified with amine-functionalized graphene oxide to facilitate the binding of ferritin antibodies on the electrode surface. The functionalized SPE was embedded in the microfluidic flow cell with a simple magnetic clamping mechanism to allow continuous electrochemical detection of ferritin. Ferritin detection was accomplished via cyclic voltammetry with a dynamic linear range from 7.81 to 500 ng·mL−1 and an LOD of 0.413 ng·mL−1. The sensor performance was verified with spiked human serum samples. Furthermore, the sensor was validated by comparing its response with the response of the conventional ELISA method. The current method of microfluidic flow cell-based electrochemical ferritin detection demonstrated promising sensitivity and selectivity. This confirmed the plausibility of using the reported technique in point-of-care testing applications at a much faster rate than conventional techniques.

Advancements in 2D Materials Based Biosensors for Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

“…The sensor was able to cover the clinical range of ferritin and showed an LOD of 0.413 ng mL −1 and was also to demonstrate the sensing capabilities in spiked serum samples. 134 On the basis of the literature survey on electrochemical based detection on oxidative stress markers, it is concluded that…”

“…Electrochemical method for the detection of various oxidative stress markers (Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2017 Elsevier; Reproduced from ref . Reproduced with permission from ref .…”

“…This was demonstrated for the electrochemical immunosensing of ferritin. The sensor was able to cover the clinical range of ferritin and showed an LOD of 0.413 ng mL –1 and was also to demonstrate the sensing capabilities in spiked serum samples . On the basis of the literature survey on electrochemical based detection on oxidative stress markers, it is concluded that 8-OHdG and hydrogen peroxide are the most studied and researched oxidative stress markers in terms of electrochemical sensors. Research related to 3-nitrotyrosine and ferritin is not at all sufficient and a lot of work needs to be done for the study of these markers. In terms of 2D materials, graphene family and transition metal dichalcogenide (especially molybdenum disulfide) are the most preferred materials. Other member of graphene family such as hBN should be employed as electrochemical sensors. Tungsten disulfide and other materials from TMD family should be employed as electrochemical sensors. …”

Infection-Mediated Clinical Biomarkers for a COVID-19 Electrical Biosensing Platform

“…Moreover, Garg et al [ 83 ] developed a biosensor utilizing an active screen-printed electrode for continuous flow-based detection of serum ferritin. The sensing system comprised lab-on-chip technology integrated with an amine-functionalized graphene oxide SPCE, which allowed the continuous detection of ferritin in the range of 7.81–500 ng/mL.…”

“…Thus, an FET with a graphene-based biosensing medium is preferable for implementation in the rapid detection of infection-mediated clinical biomarkers.

Figure 5 ( A ) Electrochemical biosensors: ( a ) tungsten disulfide quantum dots-based electrochemical detection of serum ferritin (reprinted with permission from [ 80 ]), ( b ) handmade paper-based electrochemical sensing of serum ferritin (reprinted with permission from [ 85 ]), ( c ) microfluidic-based flow cell for serum ferritin detection (reprinted from [ 83 ]), and ( d ) nanorod-based electrical sensing of serum ferritin (reprinted with permission from [ 84 ]). ( B ) Electronic biosensors: ( a ) graphene-based FET (reprinted from [ 87 ]) and ( b ) nanowire-based FET (reprinted with permission from [ 86 ]).

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