Advancements in 2D Materials Based Biosensors for Oxidative Stress Biomarkers

Abstract

The imbalance in generation of reactive oxygen species and its depletion causes oxidative stress. Because of its importance, there is a need to explore the role of oxidative stress biomarkers. The limitations of the conventional methods cause the researchers look for other alternatives. Biosensors are highly promising candidates for the detection of trace quantities for various analytes with high specificity, selectivity, and quick response time. Nanomaterial based matrices are the most popular choice while fabricating a biosensor. Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene, transitional metal dichalcogenides, and various metal oxides have been used for the biosensing of different oxidative stress analytes. High electron mobility, good optical properties, tunable properties, high yields, easy synthesis, and availability make these materials the first choice. In this review, we have comprehensively discussed various biomarkers associated with oxidative stress. The review will provide information related to different kinds and various synthesis procedures employed for 2D nanomaterials. The major focus of the review is to elaborate the role of 2D nanomaterial based structures for the optical and electrochemical methods for the detection of oxidative stress. This review is an effort to help the researchers better understand various 2D based transducers available for the detection of oxidative stress biomarkers.

Recent progress of oxidative stress associated biomarker detection

“…Due to the shorter lifetime of ROS, 17 monitoring the stable oxidative metabolites contributes to the accurate reflection and assessing of the oxidative stress status. 18,19 Basically, these oxidative metabolites can be classified into three main categories: lipid peroxidation products, protein oxidation products, and DNA oxidation products (Scheme 1). Biomarkers emerging from lipid oxidation include lipid-derived radicals and reactive carbonyl species (RCS) like malondialdehyde, formaldehyde, methylglyoxal, acrolein, etc.…”

Nanomaterial-Based Fluorescent Biosensor for Food Safety Analysis

“…Two-dimensional (2D) materials represent another group of synthetic materials that have received much interest owing to their tunable electronic, optical, ferromagnetic, and chemical properties [ 65 ]. The family of 2D materials is growing rapidly and now includes GO and transition-metal dichalcogenides as well as chemical derivatives, hybrids, and allotropes [ 66 ].…”

Potential and Progress of 2D Materials in Photomedicine for Cancer Treatment

“…(3) Surface coating with hydrophilic polymer can enhance their solubility in aqueous solvent. 12 (4) Most importantly the 2D materials are sustainable and comparatively environmental friendly. 13,14 Figure 1 shows the antitumor immune response induced by photothermal agents.…”

“…(2) Chemical structure and moieties can be manipulated to tune their excitation and emission to improve deep tissue penetrability. (3) Surface coating with hydrophilic polymer can enhance their solubility in aqueous solvent . (4) Most importantly the 2D materials are sustainable and comparatively environmental friendly. , Figure shows the antitumor immune response induced by photothermal agents.…”