MICROENCAPSULATION of grapefruit oil with sodium alginate by gelation and ionic extrusion: optimization and modeling of crosslinking and study of controlled release kinetics.

Abstract

Essential grapefruit oil with high concentrations of limonene is used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to its antimicrobial properties, fragrance, and flavor. To facilitate its manipulation and protect it from adverse environmental factors, the microencapsulation is used. The objective of this work was to optimize the microencapsulation process of grapefruit oil using external ionic gelation coupled to extrusion with sodium alginate and calcium chloride. We achieved the best encapsulation conditions with calcium chloride concentration at 7.4% w/v and a crosslinking time of 58 minutes, obtaining a yield of 62% and an efficiency of 100% with an oil loading capacity of 10% w/w. The chemical adsorption of calcium as well during the crosslinking process was studied, observing a significant fit with the Elovich equation. And an adjustment of the controlled release of the oil was obtained to the empirical kinetic model of Korsmeyer and Peppas.

Encapsulación de compuestos bioactivos: una revisión sistemática

“…• Probióticos (L. plantarum spp., L. casei spp., L. delbrueckii spp.) Olivares et al, 2017;Khor et al 2017;Lucía et al, 2017;Eckert et al 2018;Chang et al 2019;Chang et al, 2019;Bamidele & Emmambux, 2020;Cáceres et al, 2020;Shaaban & Farouk, 2022 EM…”

“…• Ácidos grasos (palmítico, oleico, linoleico, esteárico, semilla de uva, pescado) • Fenoles (polifenoles, carotenos, antocianinas, licopeno, curcumina, vainillina, ácido gálico, ácido cumárico, ácido ferúlico) • Probióticos (L. acidophilus spp., L. paracasei spp.) Ballesteros et al, 2017;Böger et al, 2018;Rezvankhah et al, 2019;Leyva-Jiménez et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2020;Neves et al, 2019;Kathiman et al, 2020;Ogrodowska et al, 2020;Santana Aguiar et al, 2020;Navarro-Flores et al, 2020;Pashazadeh et al, 2021;Jovanović et al, 2021;Jordán-Suárez et al, 2021;Xin et al, 2022 Otro ejemplo de encapsulación de aceites esenciales esta reportado por Cáceres et al (2020), quienes usaron un proceso de extrusión en una matriz de alginato en un medio de cloruro de calcio para encapsular aceites esenciales de toronja. Ante la variación de la concentración del cloruro de calcio (2, 5 y 10%) y el tiempo de agitación (30, 45 y 60 min) se notó variación en la eficiencia y rendimiento de proceso.…”

Volatile Organic Compounds from Basil Essential Oils: Plant Taxonomy, Biological Activities, and Their Applications in Tropical Fruit Productions

“…It is then moulded by dripping it into a crosslinking solution. Sodium alginate is a low-cost polymer often used to encapsulate essential oils due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability [123]. This alginate microsphere provides a protective structure from environmental factors such as volatilisation or oxidation.…”

Microencapsulation of <i>Ruellia tuberosa</i> L. Extracts Using Alginate: Preparation, Biological Activities, and Release

“…The coating materials concentration and stirring time may affect the size of the microcapsules. In addition, smaller microcapsules may generate greater efficiency [17][18].…”