“…Over the last few decades, researchers and scientists have attempted to fulfil the demands [1] of osteoarthritic patients [2,3] with an articular cartilage scaffold [4,5] equipped with requisite strength [6,7], cell growth factors [8][9][10], and anti-inflammatory properties [11,12]. Unfortunately, they invented biomaterials, such as hydrogels and their derivatives, that were equipped with the carriers of cell growth factors [13] and anti-inflammatory properties [14] but without the requisite strengths [15].…”
The existing harder biomaterial does not protect the tissue cells with blunt-force trauma effects, making it a poor choice for the articular cartilage scaffold design. Despite the traditional mechanical strengths, this study aims to discover alternative structural strengths for the scaffold supports. The metallic filler polymer reinforced method was used to fabricate the test specimen, either low brass (Cu80Zn20) or titanium dioxide filler, with composition weight percentages (wt.%) of 0, 2, 5, 15, and 30 in polyester urethane adhesive. The specimens were investigated for tensile, flexural, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The tensile and flexural test results increased with wt.%, but there were higher values for low brass filler specimens. The tensile strength curves were extended to discover an additional tensile strength occurring before 83% wt.%. The higher flexural stress was because of the Cu solvent and Zn solute substituting each other randomly. The FESEM micrograph showed a cubo-octahedron shaped structure that was similar to the AuCu3 structure class. The XRD pattern showed two prominent peaks of 2θ of 42.6° (110) and 49.7° (200) with d-spacings of 1.138 Å and 1.010 Å, respectively, that indicated the typical face-centred cubic superlattice structure with Cu and Zn atoms. Compared to the copper, zinc, and cart brass, the low brass indicated these superlattice structures had ordered–disordered transitional states. As a result, this additional strength was created by the superlattice structure and ordered–disordered transitional states. This innovative strength has the potential to develop into an anti-trauma biomaterial for osteoarthritic patients.
“…Over the last few decades, researchers and scientists have attempted to fulfil the demands [1] of osteoarthritic patients [2,3] with an articular cartilage scaffold [4,5] equipped with requisite strength [6,7], cell growth factors [8][9][10], and anti-inflammatory properties [11,12]. Unfortunately, they invented biomaterials, such as hydrogels and their derivatives, that were equipped with the carriers of cell growth factors [13] and anti-inflammatory properties [14] but without the requisite strengths [15].…”
The existing harder biomaterial does not protect the tissue cells with blunt-force trauma effects, making it a poor choice for the articular cartilage scaffold design. Despite the traditional mechanical strengths, this study aims to discover alternative structural strengths for the scaffold supports. The metallic filler polymer reinforced method was used to fabricate the test specimen, either low brass (Cu80Zn20) or titanium dioxide filler, with composition weight percentages (wt.%) of 0, 2, 5, 15, and 30 in polyester urethane adhesive. The specimens were investigated for tensile, flexural, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests. The tensile and flexural test results increased with wt.%, but there were higher values for low brass filler specimens. The tensile strength curves were extended to discover an additional tensile strength occurring before 83% wt.%. The higher flexural stress was because of the Cu solvent and Zn solute substituting each other randomly. The FESEM micrograph showed a cubo-octahedron shaped structure that was similar to the AuCu3 structure class. The XRD pattern showed two prominent peaks of 2θ of 42.6° (110) and 49.7° (200) with d-spacings of 1.138 Å and 1.010 Å, respectively, that indicated the typical face-centred cubic superlattice structure with Cu and Zn atoms. Compared to the copper, zinc, and cart brass, the low brass indicated these superlattice structures had ordered–disordered transitional states. As a result, this additional strength was created by the superlattice structure and ordered–disordered transitional states. This innovative strength has the potential to develop into an anti-trauma biomaterial for osteoarthritic patients.
“…In recent studies, decellularized cartilage matrices, bone, ureter, umbilical cord, and dermal tissues have been used as scaffolds in tissue engineering (19,20). In this study, the decellularized matrix of the human gingiva was used as a scaffold to induce migration and cell differentiation due to its high levels of collagen and the presence of various cytokeratins in its connective tissue.…”
This study aimed to compare the behavior of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and rabbit auricle blastema cells implanted in non-cellular gingival tissue scaffold of human. In this regard, the tissues obtained from gingival surgeries in the dental clinic were de-cellulated using two detergents of sodium dodecyl sulfate and triton 100-X. After washing and sterilization, they were used as a scaffold for culture with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells of rats. Using light and electron microscopy, these scaffolds were examined before and after 1, 2, and 4 weeks of cell culture. Also, the prepared three-dimensional scaffold was placed in the blastema ring obtained from the rabbit earlobe punch. The samples were evaluated 1, 2, and 4 weeks after culture based on histology techniques. The results showed that the study of scaffolds by electron microscopy showed preserving the epithelium matrix and the collagen fibers in the tissue. Structures similar to the epithelium were created in both samples. In addition, induction of cellular secretion was observed in scaffold cells migrating to the scaffold. In general, scaffolds made from human gums can be a good platform for studying cellular behaviors. Of course, further experiments to determine the nature of differentiated cells can help advance our knowledge of matrix cell interactions.
“… Preparative technique Merits Demerits Application Microsphere-drug combination Ref. Emulsion-solidication Large-scale production, simple operation Wide particle size Oncotherapy Neuralrepair TPP/chitosan/PLGA-NGF Microspheres 5-Fluorouracil loaded biodegradable magnetic Microspheres Polysaccharidebased porous microsphere (PPM) [ 88 , 188 , 189 ] Microfluidics Unique analytical performance, smaller volume, good monodispersity Low production efficiency Oncotherapy 5-Fu loaded CS microspheres [ 30 , 35 ] Mold method Low cost, simple operation Complex synthesis process Protein separation Monodisperse porous silica microspheres [ 58 , 62 , 63 ] Microfluidic electrospray Uniform size and good monodispersity Low production efficiency Skin wounds Novel drug-loaded methacryloyl chondroitin sulfate (CSMA) microspheres [67, 196] Spray drying Simple and stable Limited range of polymers Gastropathy Chitosan-based microspheres [ 75 ] Self-assembly method Simple production technology, mild reaction conditions, and suitability for hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs Size and monodispersity need to be improved Oncotherapy Paclitaxel-loaded silk fibroin nanospheres [ 78 ] Phase separation method For water-soluble drugs, easy to prepare in batches Difficult to remove organic solvents Arthritis Loaded sPL sustained-release microspheres [ 206 ] Membrane emulsification method...…”
Section: Processing Methods Of Microspheresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…During the preparation of microspheres, different emulsions can be selected depending on the nature of the wrapped drug ( Fig. 1 A) [ 29 , 30 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Processing Methods Of Microspheresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Step junction method is generally composed of widened channels and steps [ 30 ]. The step junction method enables multiple nozzles to be arranged in parallel on a large scale to achieve high-throughput production of droplets.…”
Section: Processing Methods Of Microspheresmentioning
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