Microbiology of flours

Hesseltine, C. W.; Graves, R. R.

doi:10.1007/bf02904011

Cited by 29 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Patulin has been found to occur in a number of foods including apple juice, apples and pears with brown rot 1,2 and flour. 3 However, given the nature of the food, the manufacturing processes, or consumption practices for many foods, patulin does not appear to pose a general safety concern, with the exception of apple juice. 4 Owing to its toxicity, health authorities in many countries regard patulin contamination of foods as a problem and have set a maximum permitted concentration (MPC) of 50 m g l À1 for patulin in apple juice appropriately diluted for consumption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of patulin on thymus capillary of rats

Gül

Özsoy

Osmanağaoğlu

et al. 2005

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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Patulin is a mycotoxin that is produced by species of Penicillum, Aspergillus, and Byssochylamys molds that may grow on a variety of foods including fruit, grains and cheese. Patulin, at a dose of 0.1 mg kg(-1) bw day(-1) was administered orally to growing male rats aged 5-6 weeks for a period of 60 or 90 days. The dose of patulin used in the present study was based on estimated human exposure levels. At the end of these periods, the thymus glands of patulin-treated and control Wistar rats were removed and ultrastructural changes in capillary cells of the thymus of patulin-treated Wistar rats were determined by electron microscopy. The walls of thymus capillaries of the 60-day patulin-treated rat groups (P-60) exhibited degeneration observable in electron microscopic sections. For example, loss of cytoplasm and mitochondrial cristae of cells, swollen endothelial cells, increased thickness of the basement membrane, closed lumen of capillaries, accumulation of fibrous material at the periphery of the capillaries and nuclear anomalies were seen in these sections. Such degeneration and changes were also observed in sections of capillaries of the 90-day patulin-treated rat groups (P-90). The levels of degeneration of endothelial cell nucleus of P-90 were greater than those of P-60. This study demonstrated the ultrastructural degeneration of thymus capillary cells of patulin-treated rats. The results obtained from this study may provide a guide to research dealing with the toxic effects of patulin on tissue and organ ultrastructure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effects of patulin on thymus capillary of rats

Gül

Özsoy

Osmanağaoğlu

et al. 2005

Cell Biochemistry & Function

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“…Christensen (1969) has also identified A. ochraceus from rice but never as a predominant fungus. Poisson and Guilbot (1956), Inagaki and Ikeda (1959), and Hesseltine and Graves (1966) all have found A. ochraceus present in wheat flours, and Pomeranz et al (1956) attributed a particularly deleterious effect on this substrate to the proteolytic enzymes of A. ochraceus and A. flavus. Leyendecker (1954) encountered A. ochraceus at approximately the 15-20% level in sun-dried chili produced in southern New Mexico in 1948Mexico in , 1949Mexico in , and 1950.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aspergilli as Ochratoxin Producers

et al. 1972

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To determine whether ochratoxin is produced by species of Aspergillus other than A. ochraceus, 44 strains representative of the nine species composing the A. ochraceus group were grown on both pearled wheat and cracked corn in duplicate shaken flasks at 28 C for 5 days. Rice was a poor substrate for production of ochratoxin. Molded substrates were extracted with acetonitrile-water; partially purified e.'ctracts were assayed for ochratoxins by thin-layer chromatography. All positive samples were confirmed by solubility in sodium bicarbonate and the preparation of methyl esters. Ochratoxins A and B were found in some strains of A. SlllphllrC1ls, A. sc/erotiorum, A. alliaceus, A. melleus, A. ochracells, A. ostian/Is, and A. petrakii. No ochratoxin was produced by the one strain of A. elegans or any of six strains of A. auricomtls. Five of nine strains of A. sclerotiorum and five of 11 strains of A. ochracells were negative. All seven strains of A. alliaceus were positive, but one was at a very low level. Generally, yields of ochratoxin were higher in wheat than in corn. Occasionally, as much ochratoxin B was produced as A. Highest yields of ochratoxins A and B were obtained from respective strains of A. ochracetls NRRL 3174 and NRRL 3519. Some strains of most species of the A. ochraceus group produce this mycotoxin as a secondary metabolite. I CH 3 CI Van der Menve et al. (l965a) described three types of ochratoxin designated as A, B, and C. Ochratoxin A is 7-carboxy-S-chloro.:8-hydroxy-539 Putl".d bJ U. S.~pt. of AgrlsdtlUe for Official Use

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“…These fungi have been isolated from flour (Hesseltine and Graves, 1966), malt feed (Ukai et al, 1954), and, in particular, apple rot (Harwig et al, 1973). Scott et al (1972) have reported the natural occurrence of 1 ppm patulin in a commercial sample of apple juice, while a 1973 Food and Drug Administration survey indicated that 37% of the consumer packs of apple juice tested were contaminated with 40-440 jug patulin per kilogram (Stoloff, 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [¹⁴C] patulin by rats

Dailey

Blaschka

Brouwer

1977

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health

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Adult rats of both sexes were given a single oral dose of [14C] patulin and were sacrificed at various time intervals from 4 hr to 7 days following administration of the mycotoxin. Two groups of rats were employed; the treated group had been exposed to daily oral doses of unlabeled patulin (dissolved in pH 5.0 citrate buffer) in utero and for 41-66 wk after weaning, while the controls were given the buffer only throughout gestation and for 38-81 wk after weaning. Approximately 49% of the administered 14C radioactivity was recovered from feces and 36% from urine within 7 days after dosing. Most of the excretion of labeled material occurred within the first 24 hr. All of the 14C activity detected in the urine samples was either metabolites and/or conjugates of the original [14C]patulin. About 1-2% of the total radioactivity was recovered as 14CO2 from expired air. Carbon-14 radioactivity in various tissues and organs was determined throughout the 7 day period; the most significant retention site was the red blood cells.

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Microbiology of flours

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of patulin on thymus capillary of rats

Effects of patulin on thymus capillary of rats

Aspergilli as Ochratoxin Producers

Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [¹⁴C] patulin by rats

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Microbiology of flours

Cited by 29 publications

References 12 publications

Effects of patulin on thymus capillary of rats

Effects of patulin on thymus capillary of rats

Aspergilli as Ochratoxin Producers

Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [14C] patulin by rats

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Absorption, distribution, and excretion of [¹⁴C] patulin by rats