“…For example, it has been observed that 2 and 10 µm width grooves in fused silica result in the elongation of macrophages and improved phagocytosis of microbeads compared with flat surfaces. [9] The effect of a wide range of materials including titanium, [11,17,20,21] polyvinylidene fluoride, [22] perfluoropolyether, [23] PDMS, [10,14,15] fused silica, [16] poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) [10] with micro-and nanostructures have been investigated on macrophage morphology and inflammatory responses with conflicting results. [15] Modification of surface chemistry such as charge and hydrophobicity can also impact macrophage phenotype; [17][18][19] however, topographical effects are believed to override the influence of surface chemistry.…”