Metric and morphological assessment of facial features: A study on three European populations

Facial pattern analysis: critic review and collection of facial proportions in a brazilian sample using cone-beam computed tomography

“…Contributing to the hypothesis of regional variation, Ritz-Timme et al (RITZ-TIMME et al, 2011) described measures of 3 different European population: 300 Germans, 300 Italians and 300 Lithuanian. In their results a considerable amount of differences was observed, in a small geographic region inside Europe, which also infer a concern with the use of the same standards to every population.…”

Photo anthropometric variations in Japanese facial features: Establishment of large-sample standard reference data for personal identification using a three-dimensional capture system

“…The personal identification of facial images employs three main methods: morphological comparison [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], comparison of anthropometric indices [1][2][3][4][7][8][9][10][11], and face-to-face superimposition (which can be divided into two-dimensional (2D)/2D or 2D/three-dimensional (3D) facial image superimposition) [1][2][3][4][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. The first and second of these methods have been applied as the traditional approaches in this field.…”

“…Irregular variations of samples such as those described above make studies extremely difficult. Although this is a worrisome problem, the important point is that we must apply any method as carefully as possible by referring to statistically adequate anthropological population data; e.g., the frequency of appearance of morphological features and basic statistics of anthropometric measurements are needed to understand the population-specific anthropological variations [5,7,8]. Using these standard reference data, valuable facial features (i.e., features that are not common in the subject population) are observed and assessed for personal identification.…”

“…Using these standard reference data, valuable facial features (i.e., features that are not common in the subject population) are observed and assessed for personal identification. Although there have been previous studies on the establishment of population data [7,8], there have been few reports on the Japanese population.…”

Are human faces unique? A metric approach to finding single individuals without duplicates in large samples

“…A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t Therefore, many facial recognition systems and methods have concentrated on moving towards metrics (Cattaneo et al 2012) or a combination of metrics and descriptives (Klare & Jain 2010;Ritz-Timme et al 2011). Facial recognition methods which use metrics alone or metrics and descriptives report high accuracy rates (>95%) (Turk & Pentland 1991, Belhumeur, Hespanha & Kriegman 1997.…”