Métodos de extracción, refinación y concentración de aceite de pescado como fuente de ácidos grasos omega-3

Abstract

El aceite de pescado es un producto industrial de alto valor nutricional por su contenido de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) Omega-3, actualmente valorados por su efectos benéficos en la salud. Estudios y avances realizados desde el año 2000 en la extracción de aceite de pescado de diversas especies, su refinación y concentración de AGPI, son revisados en este artículo. Las técnicas de extracción van desde tecnologías convencionales como prensado húmedo y extracción por solventes, hasta tecnologías propuestas más recientemente como fluidos supercríticos y ensilaje de pescado. Así mismo, la refinación es realizada por métodos tradicionales, sin embargo existen nuevas tecnologías con potencial para su aplicación en aceite de pescado. Por otro lado, el interés en la concentración de AGPI Omega-3 ha crecido y varias técnicas han sido propuestas como winterización, métodos enzimáticos, fraccionamiento por fluidos supercríticos, complejación con urea, fraccionamiento por métodos cromatográficos y concentración por membranas. La información recopilada indica una tendencia a combinar diferentes tecnologías convencionales y emergentes a fin de mejorar los rendimientos y pureza del producto obtenido.

Technical-economic analisys of the solvent-method optimization of Origanum vulgare essential oil extraction based on technical and quality criteria

“…While for 1:25 (w/v) the ratio of plant matter and solvent was considered, respectively. Solvent extraction was performed using soxhlet equipment by means of the Randall method [15], ethanol and chloroform were selected as solvents. The above-mentioned procedure is a modification of the standard Soxhlet extraction: in Randall, the extraction is made by immersion of the sample in the boiling solvent.…”

Fish Processing Industry Residues: A Review of Valuable Products Extraction and Characterization Methods

“…Nα-benzoyl-dl-arginine-pnitroanilide (BAPNA), a specific trypsin substrate, is the most common used [19,20,22,23,36]. However, when [4,126,127,[129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142]146] Enzymes, such as pepsin and trypsin are extracted from viscera, hydroxyapatite from bones and scales and collagen and gelatin mainly from skin and scales. Fish oils are isolated from muscles and perivisceral organs, such as liver and intestine, and proteins can be obtained from fish byproducts in general BAPNA was used, the catalytic activity of the enzyme was not significantly reduced with the increase in pH value [22].…”

“…The research and characterization of FAs in fish oil requires prior extraction from raw material followed by purification/separation [4,130]. Fishmeal process is the most common source of fish oil, since oil is generated as a by-product in the fishmeal industry.…”

“…At supercritical conditions, fluids acquire special proprieties (gas-like low viscosity and high diffusivity and liquid-like high densities), enhancing the solvation and flow properties and making extraction faster and more effective [126,127]. Supercritical CO 2 is widely used as solvent, being considered a green solvent due to its low toxicity, cost and flammability [130,135]. Additionally, using this technique fish oil can be fractionated into different components according to their molecular weight or degree of saturation.…”

“…Biological methodologies include enzymatic oil extractions and silage production through the use of enzymes. These methods have become popular to recover fish oils since it can be simpler and cheaper regarding investment cost and energy expenses [127,130].…”