Pectinolytic enzymes are a group of enzymes widely used in the food industry. They can be obtained through a wide range of by-products and agricultural and agro-industrial waste by the action of fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., by solid-state fermentation (SSF). A wild strain of an Aspergillus sp. isolated in the Universidad Técnica del Norte (UTN) was used to obtain pectinolytic enzymes from dehydrated coffee waste (pulp and husk) derived from coffee cherries cultivated in the Ecuadorian Andean regions. It was possible to find a condition in which the production of pectinases (expressed as Enzymatic Activity (EA)) and the concentration of spores (S) were simultaneously maximized, using the response surface methodology, in a 3-level factorial design, by SSF in simple tray-type bioreactors. After the analysis and optimization of quadratic models, three confirmatory experiments were performed in the unique optimal condition recommended (35 °C and 79% relative humidity), obtaining 29.9 IU/g and 2.64 × 106 #Sp./g for EA and S, respectively; these values coincided with those predicted by the quadratic models, demonstrating their validity. The values obtained in this study are similar to those previously obtained by other authors.
INTRODUCCIÓNLa actual relevancia del componente ambiental en los escenarios sociales, políticos y económicos obliga a todas las organizaciones de la comunidad a actuar responsablemente frente a la administración y uso de los recursos naturales, cada vez más amenazados por nuestro modelo de crecimiento económico y desarrollo social.
RESUMENEsta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar el estado de la flora del campus universitario con el fin de obtener la información necesaria para proponer un plan de mejoramiento ambiental, que tiene en cuenta la ubicación de la Institución en los cerros orientales de Bogotá. El estudio está enmarcado dentro de la línea de investigación institucional del Proyecto Institucional de Desarrollo Sostenible. En la metodología se estableció la zonificación del campus, el inventario preliminar de árboles y arbustos y la identificación del grado de erosión de los suelos.Los resultados indican una mayor cobertura de Eucalyptus globulus, con bosques sobre maduros. Fuera de las cinco zonas pobladas de eucaliptos, se identificaron dos zonas con cobertura de matorral nativo con especies como tuno esmeraldo (Axinaea macrophyla), uva de anís (Cavendishia cordifolia), raque (Vallea stipularis) y garrocho (Viburnum triphyllum), y matorral exótico con especies como retamo espinoso (Ulex europeus) y retamo liso (Cytisus monspessulanus). En cuanto a los suelos, las zonas más erosionadas se encuentran en la parte alta del campus, donde se presentan procesos de erosión laminar y en forma de cárcavas.
ABSTRACTThis investigation has for objective identify the actual state of the flora of this area in order to propose a improvement plan for the soil and vegetation of the campus, located on the east hills. This study was stablished in the University's Sustainable Development Proyect. The methodology used involves the zoning of the campus, to establish the different characteristics of each plot, the monitoring of trees an shrubs and the state of erosion.The results shows the main covertures of eucalyptus, Eucalyptus globulus, overmature forests without any silviculture practices. Beyond the five areas covered with eucalyptus there are two areas of native and exotic shrubs, the main species are retamo espinoso (Ulex europeus ), y retamo liso (Cytisus monspessulanus) from european origin and the natives tuno esmeraldo (Axinaea macrophyla), uva de anís (Cavendishia cordifolia), raque (Vallea stipularis) and garrocho (Viburnum triphyllum). The worst cases of erosion of the soil in the campus are found in the high ground of the university, in there it was found rill erosion and gully erosion.
Se desarrolló la ruta metodológica para estudios que evalúan el efecto inhibidor del CO2 sobre la tasa de respiración de frutas y hortalizas. Para ello se empleó el diagrama de flujo de la ANSI, describiendo detalladamente cada paso, estableciendo una guía específica para los investigadores interesados en realizar estudios en esta área de investigación con un diseño estadístico claro, confiable y preciso.
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