Method Validation for SPE Applied to Determination of PAH in Petroliferous Industry Effluent Water

Bispo, José R.L.; Navickiene, Sandro; Dórea, Haroldo Silveira

doi:10.4236/ajac.2011.28113

Cited by 14 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…It follows from the fact that PAHs and BTEX are present in the neutral state in an aqueous solution and cannot be ionized, either protonated or deprotonated. The same results were also obtained in another works . Despite the pH changes, to obtain the best extraction efficiency, it is necessary to reduce the volume of DCM and omit the salt addition.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Method for the simultaneous determination of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial effluents using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Makoś

Fernandes

2018

J of Separation Science

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We present a new method for simultaneous determination of 22 monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in postoxidative effluents from the production of petroleum bitumen using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. The eight extraction parameters including the type and volume of extraction and disperser solvent, pH, salting out effect, extraction, and centrifugation time were optimized. The low detection limit ranging from 0.36 to 28 μg/L, limit of quantitation (1.1–84 μg/L), good reproducibility, and wide linear ranges, as well as the recoveries ranging from 71.74 to 114.67% revealed that the new method allows the determination of aromatic hydrocarbons at low concentration levels in industrial effluents having a very complex composition. The developed method was applied to the determination of content of mono‐ and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples of raw postoxidative effluents in which 15 compounds were identified at concentrations ranging from 1.21 to 1017.0 μg/L as well as in effluents after chemical treatment.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Method for the simultaneous determination of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial effluents using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Makoś

Fernandes

2018

J of Separation Science

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“…Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are nonpolar compounds composed of several aromatic rings. Generally, PAHs are generated during incomplete combustion and are present in contaminated environments. − Currently, PAHs are globally regulated as priority pollutants , due to their potential hazards to humans by carcinogenic, mutagenic, immunologic, and reproductive effects . Accurate and effective detection of these compounds in diverse samples is thus essential; however, analysis and ionization of PAHs remains a challenge due to their structural characteristics.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To analyze PAHs originating from environmental samples, food, and beverages, various analytical methods have been used, e.g., gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC/FID), liquid chromatography/ultraviolet/fluorescence detection (LC/UV/FLD), capillary supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). − ,, In particular, GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) coupled with electron impact (EI) ionization has been the most commonly used analytical tool. GC/MS offers a high separation efficiency for PAHs in various matrices. ,− In addition, GC × GC, GC/tandem mass spectrometry (GC/MS/MS), − and GC/high-resolution MS (GC/HRMS) have been established for the analysis of PAHs. − However, even with the established GC/MS-based analysis of PAHs, PAHs with a molecular weight greater than 300 atomic mass units (amu) are not readily amenable to GC/MS analysis due to their low volatility. , …”

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Ionization of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Electrospray Ionization Coupled with Gas Chromatography

et al. 2018

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Herein, gas-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as nonpolar compounds were ionized to protonated molecular ions [M + H] without radical cations and simultaneously analyzed using gas chromatography (GC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The ionization profile, dissociation, and sensitivity were first investigated to understand the significant behavior of gas-phase PAHs under ESI. The formation of protonated molecular ions of PAHs was distinguished according to the analyte phase and ESI spray solvents. The protonated PAHs exhibited characteristic dissociations, such as H-loss, H-loss, and acetylene-loss, via competition of internal energy. In addition, GC/ESI-MS/MS resulted in relatively lower concentration levels (better sensitivity) for the limits-of-detection (LODs) of PAHs than liquid chromatography (LC)/ESI-MS/MS, and it seems to result from the characteristic ionization mechanism of the gas-phase analyte under ESI. Furthermore, the LODs of gas-phase PAHs depended on molecular weight and proton affinity (PA). Consequently, we demonstrated the relationship among the analyte phases, sensitivities, and structural characteristics (molecular weight and PA) under ESI. The gas-phase PAHs provided enhanced protonation efficiency and sensitivity using GC/ESI-MS/MS, as their molecular weight and PA increased. Based on these results, we offered important information regarding the behavior of gas-phase analytes under ESI. Therefore, the present GC/ESI-MS/MS method has potential as an alternative method for simultaneous analysis of PAHs.

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“…Recent techniques for the extraction and concentration of PAHs from environmental water samples include solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), continuous liquid-liquid extraction (CLLE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), hollow ibre liquid-phase microextraction (HF-LPME) and stirring bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) [20,[65][66][67][68]. The two most commonly used, which were also recommended by the USEPA for pre-concentration of PAHs in drinking water samples are LLE and SPE [63,[69][70][71].…”

Section: Water Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Methods for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Global Trend of Distribution in Water and Sediment: A Review

Adeniji¹,

Okoh²,

Okoh³

2018

Recent Insights in Petroleum Science and Engineering

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are major organic pollutants in the environment, which are toxic to humans and biota, given their carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic nature. In this chapter, we carried out an overview of the sources and toxicity of PAHs, their common analytical methods of determination in the water and sediment samples, and also their global trend of distribution, with a view to provide baseline guidance for relevant control authorities. The choice methods for determining these contaminants are high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV/luorescence detectors and GC/MS. Mass spectrometer coupled with GC is preferred because it ofers robust identiication of the analyte compounds both by retention time and mass spectrum, with additional structural information. Results collated revealed an extensive distribution of PAHs with total mean concentrations ranging from 0.0003 to 42,350 μg/L in water and 0 to 1.266 × 10 9 μg/kg (dw) in the sediment. PAHs in the two environmental matrices were much higher in the regions with intense oil exploration, shipping and industrial activities. It is therefore necessary to regularly monitor their levels in the aquatic environment, so as to provide mitigation options that will prevent risk to humans and aquatic animals.

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Method Validation for SPE Applied to Determination of PAH in Petroliferous Industry Effluent Water

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Method for the simultaneous determination of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial effluents using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Method for the simultaneous determination of monoaromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial effluents using dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry

Ionization of Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Electrospray Ionization Coupled with Gas Chromatography

Analytical Methods for Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and their Global Trend of Distribution in Water and Sediment: A Review

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