Method for long-term mapping of occupancy patterns in open-plan and single office spaces by using passive-infrared (PIR) sensors mounted below desks

Khan, Donya Sheikh; Kolařík, Jakub; Hviid, Christian Anker; Weitzmann, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2020.110534

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Similarly, in scenarios where individuals congregate at the main entrance upon entering or exiting a building, distinguishing between them becomes challenging. In order to prevent obstructions or false-positive detections, the study by Khan et al [ 53 ] strategically mounted the sensors beneath office desks.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Sensors

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Buildings are rapidly becoming more digitized, largely due to developments in the internet of things (IoT). This provides both opportunities and challenges. One of the central challenges in the process of digitizing buildings is the ability to monitor these buildings’ status effectively. This monitoring is essential for services that rely on information about the presence and activities of individuals within different areas of these buildings. Occupancy information (including people counting, occupancy detection, location tracking, and activity detection) plays a vital role in the management of smart buildings. In this article, we primarily focus on the use of passive infrared (PIR) sensors for gathering occupancy information. PIR sensors are among the most widely used sensors for this purpose due to their consideration of privacy concerns, cost-effectiveness, and low processing complexity compared to other sensors. Despite numerous literature reviews in the field of occupancy information, there is currently no literature review dedicated to occupancy information derived specifically from PIR sensors. Therefore, this review analyzes articles that specifically explore the application of PIR sensors for obtaining occupancy information. It provides a comprehensive literature review of PIR sensor technology from 2015 to 2023, focusing on applications in people counting, activity detection, and localization (tracking and location). It consolidates findings from articles that have explored and enhanced the capabilities of PIR sensors in these interconnected domains. This review thoroughly examines the application of various techniques, machine learning algorithms, and configurations for PIR sensors in indoor building environments, emphasizing not only the data processing aspects but also their advantages, limitations, and efficacy in producing accurate occupancy information. These developments are crucial for improving building management systems in terms of energy efficiency, security, and user comfort, among other operational aspects. The article seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the present state and potential future advancements of PIR sensor technology in efficiently monitoring and understanding occupancy information by classifying and analyzing improvements in these domains.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Shokrollahi,

Persson,

Malekian

et al. 2024

Sensors

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“…By analysing PIR sensor data and employing entropy measurements, researchers have established a threshold that indicates the presence of a visitor based on occupancy data's standard deviation and entropy metrics such as Approximate Entropy, Sample Entropy, and Fuzzy Entropy. Many scientific contributions have adopted similar methodologies utilizing PIR sensors to derive occupancy-related insights within indoor environments [20][21][22][23].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Activity Mining in Multi-Occupancy Contexts Based on Nearby Interaction Under a Fuzzy Approach

Polo-Rodriguez

Cavallo

Nugent

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…The PIR sensors can detect general movement by identifying infrared radiation emitted by or reflected from occupants without collecting any other personal information. They have been widely used in occupancy counting in buildings [64][65][66][67]. The major disadvantage for infrared beam counters is that when two or more persons walk side by side into the area of PIR sensor detection, the infrared beam counter may count only one, so it is not suitable for rooms with large front entrances.…”

Section: People Countingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building Fire Evacuation: An IoT-Aided Perspective in the 5G Era

Fang

2021

Buildings

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Complex and tall buildings have been constructed in many cities recently. Fire safety should be a major concern of building designers, engineers, and governments. Previous fire experience has made us understand the importance of acquiring fire-ground information to facilitate firefighting operations, evacuation processes, rescues, etc. Recently, the rapid advancement in Information Technology, Data Analytics, and other detection and monitoring systems has provided the basis for fire safety researchers to re-think fire safety strategies in the built environment. Amongst all fire safety studies, evacuation in tall buildings, including elevator evacuations, has attracted much attention. IoT-aided building fire evacuation is a new concept of the building evacuation mode, which improves the building evacuation process by making decisions of escape based on the real-time fire-ground information, such as the fire environment and occupant situations. Focusing on IoT applications in building fire evacuation, this paper explores the advantages and insufficiencies of current smart building fire evacuation systems. A conceptual design of an IoT-aided building fire evacuation control system is described. The system is introduced in the sequence of information needs, information sources and data transmission, and potential services and applications. Finally, new insights into promising 5G technologies for future building fire evacuations are discussed.

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Method for long-term mapping of occupancy patterns in open-plan and single office spaces by using passive-infrared (PIR) sensors mounted below desks

Cited by 34 publications

References 34 publications

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Passive Infrared Sensor-Based Occupancy Monitoring in Smart Buildings: A Review of Methodologies and Machine Learning Approaches

Human Activity Mining in Multi-Occupancy Contexts Based on Nearby Interaction Under a Fuzzy Approach

Building Fire Evacuation: An IoT-Aided Perspective in the 5G Era

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