Method for characterization of diffusion properties of photopolymerisable systems

Babeva, Tsvetanka; Naydenova, Izabela; Martin, Suzanne; Toal, Vincent

doi:10.1364/oe.16.008487

Cited by 33 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…For very high spatial frequencies a clear shrinkage in the exposed zones was measured by different authors [11]. When we introduce the parameters measured for PVA/AA based photopolymers, we obtain the behavior represented in Fig.…”

Section: Theoretical Surface Behaviormentioning

confidence: 86%

“…Historically, there were huge discrepancies in the monomer diffusion determination for PVA material (from 10 14 cm 2 /s [10] to 10 7 cm 2 /s [11]). Nowadays, the values for this parameter range from 10 9 cm 2 /s [12] to 10 7 cm 2 /s [11], depending on the PVA used [13], environmental temperature and humidity [12], etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nowadays, the values for this parameter range from 10 9 cm 2 /s [12] to 10 7 cm 2 /s [11], depending on the PVA used [13], environmental temperature and humidity [12], etc. Frequently in the literature, PVA materials do not have a cover plating design as opposed to commercial material [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface relief model for photopolymers without cover plating

et al. 2011

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Relief surface changes provide interesting possibilities for storing diffractive optical elements on photopolymers and are an important source of information to characterize and understand the material behaviour. In this paper we present a 3-dimensional model based on direct measurements of parameters to predict the relief structures generated on the material. This model is successfully applied to different photopolymers with different values of monomer diffusion. The importance of monomer diffusion in depth is also discussed.

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Section: Theoretical Surface Behaviormentioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface relief model for photopolymers without cover plating

et al. 2011

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“…Later, the depth of the grating begins to grow again due to the material addition from the dark zones to the illuminated ones. At this point we have measured the swelling of the illuminated areas as mentioned by Babeva et al [18]. The exact time when shrinkage disappears depends on the exposition time and on the spatial frequency recorded.…”

Section: Reflection Analysismentioning

confidence: 98%

“…To observe the effects of the species diffusion clearly, we studied surface gratings with a spatial period of 0.168 mm. Shrinkage and swelling in photopolymers have been discussed by many authors [14][15][16][17][18]. It is well known that shrinkage occurs when monomer molecules begin to link forming chains of polymer, compacting the layer and decreasing the holes size.…”

Section: Reflection Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

In dark analysis of PVA/AA materials at very low spatial frequencies: phase modulation evolution and diffusion estimation

et al. 2009

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Molecular diffusion effects have been widely studied inside photopolymers for holographic applications. Recently some works have focused on low spatial frequencies to evaluate in real time the monomer diffusion effects. Assuming a Fermi-Dirac function-based profile, we have fitted the diffracted intensities, reflected and transmitted (up to the 8th order), to obtain the phase and surface profile of the recorded gratings. We have studied the influence of diffusion in polyvinyl-alcohol/acrylamide for the range of spatial frequencies between 2 lines/mm and 6 lines/mm. We have demonstrated the influence of the spatial frequency on the magnitude and sign of the material volume variations. We also studied in dark the evolution of the grating shape. We show that it is possible to achieve diffractive gratings with diffraction efficiency in the first order near 35% if the in dark evolution is taken into account. Furthermore we present a method to calculate the monomer diffusivity in photopolymers. The differential equation is deduced and solved, and experimental average value is obtained (D=1.1·10 −8 cm 2 s −1 ).

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Synthesis of Fast Curing, Water‐Resistant and Photopolymerizable Glass for Recording of Holographic Structures by One‐ and Two‐Photon Lithography

Mikulchyk

Oubaha

Kaworek

et al. 2022

Advanced Optical Materials

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functional materials for tackling challenging material-related problems in diverse areas such as medicine, pharmacy, mechanics, electronics, chemistry and others. [1][2][3][4][5] One of the most popular and successful applications of the hybrid sol-gel technology is the development of multifunctional coatings for the protection of metal surfaces against corrosion and environmental degradations. [6] Other promising applications include photoreactive hybrid sol-gel coatings for the fabrication of microstructured components such as optical waveguides, [7] photonic crystals [8] and microfluidic devices. [9] The main advantage of the hybrid sol-gel technology, in comparison to conventional organic or inorganic chemistries, is its flexibility which allows for a combination of both organic and inorganic functional chemistries that facilitates low temperature preparation, generally at room temperature. [5] As a result, structural properties of thermo-sensitive organic groups are maintained and remain available for further exploitation as network modifiers in the inorganic structure and in the microstructuring processes used to fabricate miniature devices. Among the many applications of the sol-gel technology, the preparation of photopolymerizable glasses for holographic applications is of particular interest. The concept of sol-gel preparation of hybrid organic-inorganic materials by the Advancements in hybrid sol-gel technology have provided a new class of holographic materials as photopolymerizable glasses. Recently, a number of photosensitive glass compositions with high dynamic range and high spatial resolution have been reported and their excellent capability for volume holography has been demonstrated. Nevertheless, challenges remain, particularly in relation to the processing time and environmental stability of these materials, that strongly affect the performance and durability of the fabricated holograms. State-of-the-art photopolymerizable glasses possess long curing times (few days) required to achieve thick films, thus limiting the industrial implementation of this technology and its commercial viability. This article presents a novel, fast curing, water-resistant, photopolymerizable hybrid sol-gel (PHSG) for holographic applications. Due to introducing an amine-based modifier that increases the condensation ability of the sol-gel network, this PHSG overcomes the problem of long curing time and can readily produce thick (up to a few hundred micrometers) layers without cracking and breaking. In addition, this PHSG exhibits excellent water-resistance, providing stable performance of holographic gratings for up to 400 h of immersion in water. This finding moves photopolymerizable glasses to the next development stage and renders the technology attractive for the mass production of holographic optical elements and their use across a wide number of outdoor applications.

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Method for characterization of diffusion properties of photopolymerisable systems

Cited by 33 publications

References 57 publications

Surface relief model for photopolymers without cover plating

Surface relief model for photopolymers without cover plating

In dark analysis of PVA/AA materials at very low spatial frequencies: phase modulation evolution and diffusion estimation

Synthesis of Fast Curing, Water‐Resistant and Photopolymerizable Glass for Recording of Holographic Structures by One‐ and Two‐Photon Lithography

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