Meteorology for Coastal/Offshore Wind Energy in the United States: Recommendations and Research Needs for the Next 10 Years

Archer, Cristina L.; Colle, Brian A.; Monache, Luca Delle; Dvorak, Michael J.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Bailey, B.; Beaucage, Philippe; Churchfield, Matthew J.; Fitch, Anna C.; Kosović, Branko; Lee, Sang; Moriarty, Patrick; Simão, Hugo P.; Stevens, Richard J. A. M.; Veron, Dana E.; Zack, John W.

doi:10.1175/bams-d-13-00108.1

Cited by 52 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…) are located along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains, which is consistent with prior surface wind climatological studies (e.g., Balling and Cerveny 1984;Archer and Jacobson 2005). The elevated wind speeds are caused by the Rocky Mountains rising up to 4 km and being impacted by the prevailing westerlies (Barry 2008).…”

supporting

confidence: 88%

“…Similar results concerning the above-mentioned areas of diminished winds were found by Archer and Jacobson (2003) on the basis of mean annual wind speeds for 10-m observation sites within the United States. The decreased wind speeds in the Southeast are likely caused by inherent lower-elevation terrain and high surface roughness, especially toward the more vegetated southeastern United States (e.g., Zhang et al 2012).…”

supporting

confidence: 84%

“…If we adapt that definition for long-term surface winds, we can define a wind lull as an extended period of abnormally calm or weak surface winds. The concept of protracted weak or calm winds could exacerbate poor air-quality conditions (e.g., Chen and Xie 2013;Munir et al 2013;Onat and Stakeeva 2013;Zhu and Liang 2013) or cause intermittent windfarming energy generation (e.g., Archer and Jacobson 2007;Katzenstein et al 2010). Conversely, prolonged periods of abnormally strong winds, referred to as ''wind blows'' in this study, can also be of societal and meteorological significance when considering ''flash'' droughts (e.g., Mozny et al 2012) or general drought stress for crops (e.g., Maes and Steppe 2012), where elevated surface wind speeds accelerate evapotranspiration rates (W. Wang et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another point concerns periods of severe wind-chill values occurring during the cold season caused by high winds (e.g., Peterson et al 2014). Also, from a broad climatological viewpoint, establishment of long-term wind extremes may lead to new climate-change metrics (Peterson et al 2012;Alexander et al 2006) or at the very least may serve to aid in filling a knowledge gap regarding wind extremes that was noted by Vose et al (2014) and may address North American wind speed uncertainty characterization (Archer et al 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Surface Wind Extremes (“Wind Lulls” and “Wind Blows”) Climatology for Central North America and Adjoining Oceans (1979–2012)

Malloy

Krahenbuhl

Bush

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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This study explores long-term deviations from wind averages, specifically near the surface across central North America and adjoining oceans (258-508N, 608-1308W) for 1979-2012 (408 months) by utilizing the North American Regional Reanalysis 10-m wind climate datasets. Regions where periods of anomalous wind speeds were observed (i.e., 1 standard deviation below/above both the long-term mean annual and mean monthly wind speeds at each grid point) were identified. These two climatic extremes were classified as wind lulls (WLs; below) or wind blows (WBs; above

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supporting

confidence: 88%

supporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Surface Wind Extremes (“Wind Lulls” and “Wind Blows”) Climatology for Central North America and Adjoining Oceans (1979–2012)

Malloy

Krahenbuhl

Bush

et al. 2015

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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“…Proximal obstructions (i.e., natural ground cover, vegetation and/or the built environment) can negatively impact optimal wind characteristics depending on their physical magnitude and location relative to the project site. So, horizontally speaking, spatially dispersing wind turbines onshore, either to account for landscape restrictions or wake effects in both onshore and offshore settings, has also been found to increase efficiency [4,5].…”

Section: External Costsmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Spatial Relationships Influence Economic Preferences for Wind Power—A Review

Knapp

Ladenburg²

2015

Energies

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An increasing number of studies in the environmental and resource economic literature suggest that preferences for changes or improvements in environmental amenities, from water quality to recreation, are spatially heterogeneous. One of these effects in particular, distance decay, suggests that respondents exhibit a higher willingness to pay (WTP) the closer they live to a proposed environmental improvement and vice versa. The importance of spatial effects cannot be underestimated. Several of these studies find significant biases in aggregate WTP values, and therefore social welfare, from models that disregard spatial factors. This relationship between spatial aspects and preferences, however, remains largely ignored in the non-market valuation literature applied to valuing preferences for renewable energy, generally, and wind power, specifically. To our knowledge, fourteen peer-reviewed studies have been conducted to estimate stated preferences (SP) for onshore and/or offshore wind development, yet less than half of those utilize any measure to account for the relationship between spatial effects and preferences. Fewer still undertake more robust measures that account for these spatially dependent relationships, such as via GIS, outside incorporating a single 'distance' attribute within the choice experiment (CE) referenda. This paper first reviews the methodologies of the SP wind valuation studies that have integrated measure(s) to account for spatial effects. We then categorize these effects into three dimensions-distance to a proposed wind project, distance to existing wind project(s), and cumulative effects-supporting each with a discussion of significant findings, including those OPEN ACCESSEnergies 2015, 8 6178 found in the wind hedonic and acceptance literature. Policy implications that can be leveraged to maximize social welfare when siting future wind projects as well as recommendations for additional research to control for preference spatial heterogeneity in wind CEs are also posited.

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Gusts and shear within hurricane eyewalls can exceed offshore wind turbine design standards

Worsnop

Lundquist

Bryan

et al. 2017

Geophysical Research Letters

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Offshore wind energy development is underway in the U.S., with proposed sites located in hurricane‐prone regions. Turbine design criteria outlined by the International Electrotechnical Commission do not encompass the extreme wind speeds and directional shifts of hurricanes stronger than category 2. We examine a hurricane's turbulent eyewall using large‐eddy simulations with Cloud Model 1. Gusts and mean wind speeds near the eyewall of a category 5 hurricane exceed the current Class I turbine design threshold of 50 m s−1 mean wind and 70 m s−1 gusts. Largest gust factors occur at the eye‐eyewall interface. Further, shifts in wind direction suggest that turbines must rotate or yaw faster than current practice. Although current design standards omit mention of wind direction change across the rotor layer, large values (15–50°) suggest that veer should be considered.

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Meteorology for Coastal/Offshore Wind Energy in the United States: Recommendations and Research Needs for the Next 10 Years

Cited by 52 publications

References 78 publications

A Surface Wind Extremes (“Wind Lulls” and “Wind Blows”) Climatology for Central North America and Adjoining Oceans (1979–2012)

A Surface Wind Extremes (“Wind Lulls” and “Wind Blows”) Climatology for Central North America and Adjoining Oceans (1979–2012)

How Spatial Relationships Influence Economic Preferences for Wind Power—A Review

Gusts and shear within hurricane eyewalls can exceed offshore wind turbine design standards

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