“…Apart from our own ATT-Meta approach, the approach that comes closest to dealing with our considerations on reverse influence is the application to metaphor of "blending" theory (Fauconnier & Turner, 1998;Coulson & Matlock, 2001). A central point of blending theory, as applied to metaphor (Grady et al, 1999), is that the blend space mixes together information, reasoning patterns, etc.…”
We consider the varieties and directions of influence that the source and target domains involved in a conceptual metaphor can have on each other during the course of understanding metaphorical utterances based on the metaphor. Previous studies have been restricted both as to direction of influence and as to type of influence. They have been largely confined to the "forward" (source to target) direction of influence, and they have concentrated on the transfer of features or propositions and (to some extent) the highlighting of aspects of a domain. By contrast, this article stresses the importance both of other varieties of influence (e.g., transfer of queries and uncertainty effects) and of "reverse" influence (target to source). We seek to curb the natural tendency to think that, because metaphor involves an overall move from source to target, therefore all inter-domain influences in the course of understanding go in that direction. The bulk of the article explores the theoretical issues involved. These issues have arisen out of a reasoning-based approach to metaphor, seeking to make best use of information from metaphorical utterance, context, source and target domains, and known metaphorical mappings, by applying a complex overall reasoning process. The article briefly explains the thorough implementation of reverse influence in a computer program for metaphorical reasoning called ATT-Meta, although the theoretical considerations are relevant to all disciplines concerned with metaphor. We make some suggestions for further computational and psychological research on metaphor.2
“…Certainly, experimental methods can sometimes afford better real-time investigations of blending phenomena (e.g. Coulson and Matlock, 2001), but experimentation also has its limits on its epistemic access. For example, research questions must be highly focused in order to trap the exact mental operation studied and the test must be repeated many times to obtain statistical validity.…”
Abstract:The cognitive linguists Turner (1998, 2002) have proposed that human creativity may be modeled by their theory of conceptual blending (conceptual integration). I apply blending theory to the pragmatics of fiction, showing how blending theory explains the mechanics of literary mimesis. I investigate how conceptual blends are iteratively chained, arguing that a mimetic blend can be defined as a blend that selfreferentially embeds itself into subsequent blends. Using examples from Mario Vargas Llosa's novel Aunt Julia and the Scriptwriter and its cinematic adaptation as Tune in Tomorrow, I show how these mimetic blends can be a literary device whereby an author may offer metafictional social commentary on issues such as the ability of art to incite fictive emotion or even violence on the part of the art-viewer. However, blending theorists typically fail to note important methodological issues raised by whether they are modeling the person who is interpreting (as opposed to who is creating) the conceptual blends. This shortcoming leads me to propose a "space-swapping" hypothesis which argues that the differences between creativity and interpretation can be at least partly explained by the differing roles played by highly similar mental spaces.
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