Metal extraction from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at high pulp density by environmentally friendly bioleaching process

Roy, Joseph Jegan; Srinivasan, Madhavi; Cao, Bin

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124242

Cited by 86 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…In contrast, direct acid leaching by H 2 SO 4 takes at least 90 min to achieve similar results [42]. Roy et al (2021) found the same Co bioleaching results of Xin et al (2016) for LCO type cathode recycling in a solid-liquid ratio equal to 1/100 [171].…”

Section: Biohydrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 67%

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Botelho

Stopić

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Metals

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The increasing demand for Li-ion batteries for electric vehicles sheds light upon the Co supply chain. The metal is crucial to the cathode of these batteries, and the leading global producer is the D.R. Congo (70%). For this reason, it is considered critical/strategic due to the risk of interruption of supply in the short and medium term. Due to the increasing consumption for the transportation market, the batteries might be considered a secondary source of Co. The outstanding amount of spent batteries makes them to a core of urban mining warranting special attention. Greener technologies for Co recovery are necessary to achieve sustainable development. As a result of these sourcing challenges, this study is devoted to reviewing the techniques for Co recovery, such as acid leaching (inorganic and organic), separation (solvent extraction, ion exchange resins, and precipitation), and emerging technologies—ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvent, supercritical fluids, nanotechnology, and biohydrometallurgy. A dearth of research in emerging technologies for Co recovery from Li-ion batteries is discussed throughout the manuscript within a broader overview. The study is strictly connected to the Sustainability Development Goals (SDG) number 7, 8, 9, and 12.

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Section: Biohydrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 67%

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Botelho

Stopić

Friedrich

et al. 2021

Metals

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“…Zeng et al [71] investigated the effect of copper ions on the leaching of LCO by Thiobacillus ferrous oxide (A.F). The results show that in the presence of 0.75 g/L copper ions, all of the cobalt (99.9%) enters the solution after 6 d of bacterial leaching, whereas in the absence of copper ions, the dissolution rate of cobalt is only 43.1% after 10 d. Roy et al [72] increased the sulfuric acid content in the medium at high slurry densities using Thiobacillus ferrous oxide, and three cycles of incubation for 72 h resulted in the recovery of 94% cobalt and 60% lithium. Sadeghabad et al [73] used Thiobacillus ferrous oxide acidophilus culture supernatants to extract zinc and manganese from spent button batteries.…”

Section: Biohydrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Bahaloo-Horeh et al [69], Mishra et al [70], Zeng et al [71], Roy et al [72], Sadeghabad et al [73], Cai et al [74], and Heydarian et al [75] used biohydrometallurgy to leach valuable metals from spent LIBs. Aspergillus niger is an effective fungus in the bioleaching process because of its ability to produce organic acids and chelating agents during its growth phase.…”

Section: Biohydrometallurgymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

et al. 2022

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With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry in recent years, the use of lithium batteries is growing rapidly. From 2015 to 2040, the production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles could reach 0.33 to 4 million tons. It is predicted that a total of 21 million end-of-life lithium battery packs will be generated between 2015 and 2040. Spent lithium batteries can cause pollution to the soil and seriously threaten the safety and property of people. They contain valuable metals, such as cobalt and lithium, which are nonrenewable resources, and their recycling and treatment have important economic, strategic, and environmental benefits. Estimations show that the weight of spent electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries will reach 500,000 tons in 2020. Methods for safely and effectively recycling lithium batteries to ensure they provide a boost to economic development have been widely investigated. This paper summarizes the recycling technologies for lithium batteries discussed in recent years, such as pyrometallurgy, acid leaching, solvent extraction, electrochemical methods, chlorination technology, ammoniation technology, and combined recycling, and presents some views on the future research direction of lithium batteries.

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“…When ferrous ions oxidize into ferric ions during bacterial growth, the redox potential rises; however, it drops dramatically in the first few days of LIB bioleaching and decreases even more at high pulp densities (S/L). [60][61][62][63][64] So far, there is no study on the optimal ORP range for increasing metal leaching efficiency in LIB bioleaching. The bioleaching efficiency can also be enhanced by carrying out the process at the microorganism's optimal temperature.…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Bioleaching Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[64,70] In our studies, increasing the production of bacterial metabolites such as biogenic sulfuric acid and ferric ions in the culture medium could increase the leaching efficiency at high pulp densities. [62][63][64] By genetically engineering microbe's, heavy metal resistance, acid endurance, and Rubisco-free carbon fixation pathways, the tolerance against metal toxicity, the fluctuating and challenging process conditions, and reduction in the time for metal extraction can be improved. [74][75][76]…”

Section: Enhancing Leaching Efficiency In Bioleaching Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

Green Recycling Methods to Treat Lithium‐Ion Batteries E‐Waste: A Circular Approach to Sustainability

et al. 2021

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E‐waste generated from end‐of‐life spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is increasing at a rapid rate owing to the increasing consumption of these batteries in portable electronics, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage worldwide. On the one hand, landfilling and incinerating LIBs e‐waste poses environmental and safety concerns owing to their constituent materials. On the other hand, scarcity of metal resources used in manufacturing LIBs and potential value creation through the recovery of these metal resources from spent LIBs has triggered increased interest in recycling spent LIBs from e‐waste. State of the art recycling of spent LIBs involving pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy processes generates considerable unwanted environmental concerns. Hence, alternative innovative approaches toward the green recycling process of spent LIBs are essential to tackle large volumes of spent LIBs in an environmentally friendly way. Such evolving techniques for spent LIBs recycling based on green approaches, including bioleaching, waste for waste approach, and electrodeposition, are discussed here. Furthermore, the ways to regenerate strategic metals post leaching, efficiently reprocess extracted high‐value materials, and reuse them in applications including electrode materials for new LIBs. The concept of “circular economy” is highlighted through closed‐loop recycling of spent LIBs achieved through green‐sustainable approaches.

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Metal extraction from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) at high pulp density by environmentally friendly bioleaching process

Cited by 86 publications

References 42 publications

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Recycling of Lithium Batteries—A Review

Green Recycling Methods to Treat Lithium‐Ion Batteries E‐Waste: A Circular Approach to Sustainability

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