Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Botelho, Amilton Barbosa; Stopić, Srečko; Friedrich, Bernd; Tenório, Jorge Alberto Soares; Espinosa, Denise Crocce Romano

doi:10.3390/met11121999

Cited by 49 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 162 publications

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“…In particular, these techniques have been successfully applied to the recycling of LIBs, achieving high recovery yields for Co and various REEs. [ 73,75 ] Although these emerging techniques have a reasonable potential, most of them are still in lab‐scale‐state. In summary, there are already several recovery routes that could also be relevant for the recycling of ceramic SOC components.…”

Section: Future Recycling Of Socsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Strategies for Solid Oxide Cells

Sarner

Schreiber

Menzler

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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more than 70% of the global energy demand in the power generation, transport, and industrial heating sectors is covered by fossil fuels. [1] However, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are essentially associated with two major drawbacks: the scarcity of fossil fuel resources and the evidenced change in climate patterns. [2] In order to mitigate further GHG emissions, the European Union (EU) has committed itself to become CO 2neutral by 2050. [3] To achieve the envisaged energy transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, efficient energy storage systems, are required. For longterm and high-volume storage, hydrogen as a chemical energy carrier seems to be the most reliable choice in this context. The upcoming expansion of hydrogen technologies is a key aspect of the implementation of climate protection policy, as demonstrated by several studies. [4] On an international scale, more than 30 countries have already launched their hydrogen strategies and roadmaps. [5] To produce hydrogen at scale electrolysis is seen as the most advanced technology. Currently, there are four major water electrolysis applications for generating green hydrogen, including proton exchange membranes (PEMs), alkaline water electrolysis (AWEs), alkaline anion exchange membranes (AEMs), and solid oxide cells (SOCs). [6] While PEMs, AWEs, and AEMs are known for their low operating temperatures (20-200 °C), SOCs are classified as high-temperature applications (500-1000 °C) that offer certain benefits. When the utilization of heat is taken into account, the energy efficiency of SOCs can reach more than 90%. [7] In addition, the operating mode can be either set to fuel cell (SOFC) or electrolysis cell (SOEC) in one unit. These are described as reversible SOCs (rSOCs). This special feature therefore makes SOCs easy to adapt to energy surpluses or deficiencies, depending on environment (e.g., whether the wind is blowing or the sun is shining; day/night) and on demand. The research on new SOC materials might also enable long-term operation at lower temperatures (≈ 500 °C), [8] as well as the co-electrolysis of H 2 O and CO 2 for syngas production, or even pure CO 2 -electrolysis on an industrial scale. [9] However, regardless of the type of electrolyzer being used, lifetime is limited. SOC aging processes such as voltage degradation, interdiffusion, foreign phase formation, oxidation or fracturing can result in reduced cell performance and in some instances lead to the complete failure of the system. [10,11] Until lately, SOC recycling-related topics have attracted little attention. As part of the EU-funded project HYTECHCYCLING (finished in 2019), initial proposals for recycling various hydrogen Alongside the generation of renewable power and its storage in batteries, hydrogen technologies are essential to enable a deep decarbonization of the energy system. These technologies include solid oxide cells (SOCs), which can be operated as electrolyzers to generate hydrogen or syngas and/or for power supply in fuel cell mode and demonstrate th...

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Section: Future Recycling Of Socsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling Strategies for Solid Oxide Cells

Sarner

Schreiber

Menzler

et al. 2022

Advanced Energy Materials

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“…The use of an auxiliary reagent (e.g., hydrogen peroxide, ascorbic acid, glucose) has the aim of converting the metal in an oxidation state that in a further "recovery" stage of the process could form a less soluble compound. Specifically, several options are available to recover the metals from the leachates [12,13,20,27,29,31,35,42,43], including solvent extraction, ion exchange resins and precipitation. Focusing on precipitation, with the aim of considering a process compliant with the Green Chemistry principles mentioned in Table 2, the recovery of lanthanum and cobalt from the leachate may happen through various reagents.…”

Section: Literature Selection and Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increasing interest in these fields has recently led to important growth in both the demand and price of REEs. Cobalt is an essential metal in modern industry and a CRM [8,[11][12][13] widely employed in the electronic field (25% of the globally produced cobalt is employed in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries for mobile devices), the aerospace and automotive industries and in many other fields (metallurgy and industrial processes aimed at producing textiles, glass and ceramics, pharmaceuticals and chemicals) [8,14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Lanthanum and Cobalt Leaching Aimed at Effective Recycling Strategies of Solid Oxide Cells

et al. 2022

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Lanthanum and cobalt are Critical Raw Materials and components of Solid Oxide Cells—SOCs electrodes. This review analyses lanthanum and cobalt leaching from waste materials (e-waste, batteries, spent catalysts), aiming to provide a starting point for SOC recycling, not yet investigated. The literature was surveyed with a specific interest for leaching, the first phase of hydrometallurgy recycling. Most references (86%) were published after 2012, with an interest higher (85%) for cobalt. Inorganic acids were the prevailing (>80%) leaching agents, particularly for lanthanum, while leaching processes using organic acids mostly involved cobalt. The experimental conditions adopted more diluted organic acids (median 0.55 M for lanthanum and 1.4 M for cobalt) compared to inorganic acids (median value 2 M for both metals). Organic acids required a higher solid to liquid ratio (200 g/L), compared to inorganic ones (100 g/L) to solubilize lanthanum, while the opposite happened for cobalt (20 vs. 50 g/L). The process temperature didn’t change considerably with the solvent (45–75 °C for lanthanum, and 75–88 °C for cobalt). The contact time was higher for lanthanum than for cobalt (median 3–4 h vs. 75–85 min). Specific recycling processes are crucial to support SOCs value chain in Europe, and this review can help define the existing challenges and future perspectives.

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“…This method is one of the most efficient ones due to the ease of availability of precipitants and the high purity of the precipitated metal. [ 38 ] Another major benefit is the precipitation of metals in their pure form. However, upon adding an excess of the precipitant, the solution might get saturated, rendering the precipitant in the undissolved form along with the precipitated metals.…”

Section: Hydrometallurgical Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in the approaches to recover rare earths and precious metals from E‐waste: A mini‐review

Paranjape

Yadav

2022

Can J Chem Eng

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In the present day, with the rapid rate of advancements in technology, gadgets become obsolete very fast. The chase to keep up with the latest technologies diminishes the gadget's lifespan considerably. Consequently, they are discarded within a short time after their production, resulting in electronic waste (E-waste) being the fastest growing waste stream globally, with an annual production rate of 2.44 million short tonnes. The metals present in such E-waste provide several attractive properties, rendering them crucial in several applica-

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Cobalt Recovery from Li-Ion Battery Recycling: A Critical Review

Cited by 49 publications

References 162 publications

Recycling Strategies for Solid Oxide Cells

Recycling Strategies for Solid Oxide Cells

Analysis of Lanthanum and Cobalt Leaching Aimed at Effective Recycling Strategies of Solid Oxide Cells

Recent advances in the approaches to recover rare earths and precious metals from E‐waste: A mini‐review

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