Metabolites of Gut Microbiota and Possible Implication in Development of Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by having a disorder of glucose metabolism. The types of diabetes mellitus include type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, and other specific types of diabetes mellitus. Many risk factors contribute to diabetes mellitus mainly including genetics, environment, obesity, and diet. In the recent years, gut microbiota has been shown to be linked to the development of diabetes. It has been reported that the gut microbiota composition of diabetic patients is different from that of healthy people. Although the mechanism behind the abnormality remains to be explored, most hypotheses focus on the inflammation response and leaky gut in relation to the changes in production of endotoxins and metabolites derived from the intestinal flora. Consequently, the above-mentioned abnormalities trigger a series of metabolic changes, gradually leading to development of hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes. This review is (i) to summarize the differences in gut microbiota between diabetic patients and healthy people, (ii) to discuss the underlying mechanism(s) by which how lipopolysaccharide, diet, and metabolites of the gut microbiota affect diabetes, and (iii) to provide a new insight in the prevention and treatment of diabetes.

Dynamic distribution of gut microbiota in cattle at different breeds and health states

“…In addition, although the gut microbiota inhabits the gut, significant changes in the gut microbiota may also lead to the development of other diseases such as liver disease, diabetes, and obesity, etc. ( Guo et al, 2022 ; Ye et al, 2022 ). More importantly, significant changes in gut microbiota also affect gut permeability, which may lead to a leaky gut and increased rates of pathogenic bacterial infection ( Yue et al, 2020 ; Xu et al, 2021 ).…”

Gut microbiome–serum metabolic profiles: insight into the hypoglycemic effect of Porphyra haitanensis glycoprotein on hyperglycemic mice

“…The gut microbiota imbalance in mice with hyperglycemia has been shown to include a change in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes with a decrease in Firmicutes . 20 Campilobacterota (previously known as Epsilonproteobacteria ) is a pathogenic phylum, with Helicobacter and Desulfovibrio among its members, and its increased abundance contributes to worsening of inflammatory diseases. 21 The abundance of genera including Helicobacter , Desulfovibrio , Mucispirillum , and Enterorhabdus increased in the gut of DM-group mice.…”

“…Both GLP-1 and PYY regulate glucose homeostasis by promoting pancreatic insulin secretion and glucose uptake. 20…”

Dose-dependent effects of xylooligosaccharides on glycemic regulation with L. rhamnosus CCFM1060 in diabetic mice

“…4 Increasing evidence demonstrates that the gut microbiota play a critical role in the development of diabetes. 5 Studies on animal models have shown that compared with normal mice, type 2 diabetes (T2D) mice exhibit altered gut microbiota composition, such as an increased Firmicutes : Bacteroidetes ratio 6 and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacterial abundance, 2 which are consistent with the changes in the gut microbiota observed in patients with T2D. Therefore, understanding the consequences of the imbalance between the gut microbiota and diabetes is useful for developing therapeutic interventions.…”