Metabolic profiling and pathway analysis in red arillus of Salacca sumatrana demonstrate significant pyruvate, sulfur, and fatty acid metabolisms

Abstract

Abstract. Fendiyanto MH, Satrio RD, Darmadi D. 2020. Metabolic profiling and pathway analysis in red arillus of Salacca sumatrana demonstrate significant pyruvate, sulfur, and fatty acid metabolisms. Biodiversitas 21: 4361-4368. Salak or snake fruit (Salacca Reinw.; Arecaceae) is a tropical fruit that has high biodiversity in a tropical country such as Indonesia. Several types of salak can be found in Indonesia, one of which is Salacca sumatrana (Becc.) Mogea. Research on profiling metabolites in S. sumatrana has not been conducted. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the metabolite profile and pathway analysis in S. sumatrana, especially in red arillus tissue. This research was conducted by the method of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the study of bioinformatics through metabolomics approaches. The results showed that red arillus had metabolites consisting of groups of fatty acids, esters, alcohols, xylene, phenols, etc.. Significant metabolites found were isobutyl acetate, palmitic acid, formic acid, 2-pentanoic acid, ethylic acid, n-hexadecoic acid, hydroxypentanoic acid, etc. There was a tendency that metabolite ethylic acid, identified as C00033 accession, was a key metabolite in either the pyruvate metabolism pathway or sulfur metabolisms with relatively high impact values. Pathway analysis using bioinformatics studies using MetaboAnalyst shows that four of ten pathways detected had a high log-ratio (p)/pathway impact, i.e., pyruvate metabolism, sulfur metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, and biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, pyruvate, sulfur, and fatty acid metabolisms are important pathways in the red arillus of S. sumatrana. This study can be used as a reference in early metabolomic studies on S. sumatrana using GC-MS and the metabolites identified as metabolite markers can be used for plant breeding and biologists to understand the metabolic mechanism of the red arillus tissues from S. sumatrana.

Differential hierarchical metabolites expression of red/white Salacca sumatrana arillus and its molecular docking studies

“…GC-MS analysis was carried out by following Fendiyanto et al (2020) and Pratami (2020) with minor modifications. A total of 5 grams of arillus was extracted using methanol (50 ml solvent) at 25 °C for 72 h, shaken with a 50 rpm shaker (proportion: 1 g sample:10 ml solvent), modified by Park et al (2019) and Fendiyanto et al (2020). The extract was then evaporated for 60 min using an evaporator (Caliper-Life-Science, USA) at 45 °C.…”

“…The extract (5 μl) in split is then injected into the GC-MS Instrument with the following equipment specifications: main instrument (7890, Agilent Tech-Palo Alto-USA), auto-sampler (7693, Agilent Tech-Palo Alto-USA), Mass Selective Detector, and a Chemstation Dataset System (5975 inert MSD Detector, Agilent Tech-Palo Alto-USA). Instruments covering injection temperature and temperature of various instruments, mass spectrum detection, and metabolite identification were carried out following Fendiyanto et al 2020. Instruments settings in this study were 230°C of ion source temperature, 250°C of injection temperature, 140°C of quadrupole temperature, and 280°C of interface temperature.…”

“…In the same species but having two different kinds of characteristics, it can be said that these characters are included in the subspecies distinguishing features. Determination of subspecies differentiating features can be supported by morphological, anatomical, molecular, or metabolite approaches (Yuliamita 2014;Harahap and Ardiarini 2018;Zhang et al 2018;Pratami et al 2019;Satrio et al 2019;Nikmah et al 2020;Fendiyanto et al 2020). Determining the distinguishing features of the arillus in S. sumatrana has its challenges due to different physiological factors.…”

“…Different physiological processes can be caused by differences in metabolism between white and red arillus. Fendiyanto et al (2020) found that significant metabolic pathways in the red arillus of S. sumatrana is sulfur catabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis. However, there are no metabolic profiling studies on the white arillus of S. sumatrana.…”

“…The use of metabolite markers to differentiate several populations has been carried out by Quinet et al (2012), was conducted to differentiate the level of tolerance to certain stresses. Metabolite markers can also be used to distinguish different metabolic differences in organisms (Quinet et al 2012;Yuliamita 2014;Jorge et al 2016;Hiremath et al 2017;Zhang et al 2018;Fendiyanto et al 2020). The use of metabolite markers to distinguish white and red arillus accessions has never been carried out, meanwhile, the coloration of salak arillus is relatively dependent on the metabolite profile and metabolic and physiological processes of arillus formation.…”