Mesenchymal stem cells and cutaneous wound healing: novel methods to increase cell delivery and therapeutic efficacy

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) (also known as multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells) possess the capacity for self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation, and their ability to enhance cutaneous wound healing has been well characterized. Acting via paracrine interactions, MSCs accelerate wound closure, increase angiogenesis, promote resolution of wound inflammation, favorably regulate extracellular matrix remodeling, and encourage regeneration of skin with normal architecture and function. A number of studies have employed novel methods to amplify the delivery and efficacy of MSCs. Non-traditional sources of MSCs, including Wharton’s jelly and medical waste material, have shown efficacy comparable to that of traditional sources, such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. The potential of alternative methods to both introduce MSCs into wounds and increase migration of MSCs into wound areas has also been demonstrated. Taking advantage of the associations between MSCs with M2 macrophages and microRNA, methods to enhance the immunomodulatory capacity of MSCs have shown success. New measures to enhance angiogenic capabilities have also exhibited effectiveness, often demonstrated by increased levels of proangiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor. Finally, hypoxia has been shown to have strong wound-healing potential in terms of increasing MSC efficacy. We have critically reviewed the results of the novel studies that show promise for the continued development of MSC-based wound-healing therapies and provide direction for continued research in this field.

Activities of MSCs Derived from Transgenic Mice Seeded on ADM Scaffolds in Wound Healing and Assessment by Advanced Optical Techniques

“…Previous studies showed that implanted MSCs exerted beneficial effects during skin wound repair and regeneration by accelerating wound healing, promoting the formation of granulation tissue and new blood vessels, regulating ECM remodeling, etc. More importantly, these beneficial effects seemed to be mediated through paracrine effects [44]. MSCs can attract macrophages, VSMCs and other types of cells to the wound site to release a variety of angiogenic factors involved in tissue repair [45, 46].…”

Mesenchymal stem cells in skin wound healing

“…MSCs define pluripotent cells including stromal stem cells, multipotent stromal cells, mesenchymal stromal cells, and multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC). [10][11][12] Murine multipotent bone marrow MSCs were originally identified by Friedenstein on the basis of their adherence to tissue culture plastic in vitro, their ability to form colony-forming unit-fibroblasts (CFU-F) in vivo, and their potential for differentiation into adipocytic, osteocytic, chondrocytic, and muscular lineages. They were also shown to be able to differentiate following implantations in vivo.…”

“…Also, hypoxia has been shown to have strong wound-healing potential in terms of increasing MSC efficacy. [11] There are many sources for MSCs such as bone marrow and adipose tissue. BMSCs and ASCs can be obtained practically with surgical operation.…”

Regenerative Medicine Using Platelet Rich Plasma and Stem Cells in Atrophic Acne Scars: A Case Report

“…Stem cells have high proliferative potential and are capable of self-renewal. Anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic as well as angiogenic properties of mesenchymal stem cells [8] may be beneficial in treatment of atrophic acne scars [9]. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue was shown to enhance the effects of fractional carbon dioxide resurfacing for skin rejuvenation as well as for the treatment of atrophic acne scars especially in lighter skin types [10].…”