“…Although their plasticity driving tissue regeneration is a key property, MSCs’ therapeutic effect is mainly a result of their potent immunomodulatory functions, which make them potentially suitable also in allogeneic transplantation [ 23 , 24 ]. MSC exert most of their properties by secreting paracrine factors with pleiotropic functions [ 25 , 26 , 27 ] both as free soluble bioactive factors and as the content of extracellular vesicles (EV), mainly exosomes, whose composition varies depending on the tissue environment with related external signals [ 5 , 13 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. This MSC secretome has considerable advantages over cell-based strategies for manufacturing, safety, handling, storage, shelf life, hence potential translation into cell-free biological therapies [ 33 ].…”