Mesenchymal stem cells: amazing remedies for bone and cartilage defects

Abstract

Skeletal disorders are among the leading debilitating factors affecting millions of people worldwide. The use of stem cells for tissue repair has raised many promises in various medical fields, including skeletal disorders. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells with mesodermal and neural crest origin. These cells are one of the most attractive candidates in regenerative medicine, and their use could be helpful in repairing and regeneration of skeletal disorders through several mechanisms including homing, angiogenesis, differentiation, and response to inflammatory condition. The most widely studied sources of MSCs are bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue, muscle, umbilical cord (UC), umbilical cord blood (UCB), placenta (PL), Wharton’s jelly (WJ), and amniotic fluid. These cells are capable of differentiating into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes in vitro. MSCs obtained from various sources have diverse capabilities of secreting many different cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. It is believed that the salutary effects of MSCs from different sources are not alike in terms of repairing or reformation of injured skeletal tissues. Accordingly, differential identification of MSCs’ secretome enables us to make optimal choices in skeletal disorders considering various sources. This review discusses and compares the therapeutic abilities of MSCs from different sources for bone and cartilage diseases.

Use of Amniotic Membrane and Its Derived Products for Bone Regeneration: A Systematic Review

“…BFSCs are thus an easily accessible source of autologous stromal cells which can be readily used for regeneration of craniofacial bone defects (Khojasteh et al, 2019 ; Meshram et al, 2019 ). Besides, BFSCs display similar expression level of RUNX-2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and ALP activity as BMSCs (Ardeshirylajimi et al, 2015 ), which are currently used for bone tissue engineering approaches (Lin et al, 2019 ; Kangari et al, 2020 ).…”

“…BFSCs are thus an easily accessible source of autologous stromal cells which can be readily used for regeneration of craniofacial bone defects (Khojasteh et al, 2019;Meshram et al, 2019). Besides, BFSCs display similar expression level of RUNX-2, osteopontin, osteocalcin, and ALP activity as BMSCs (Ardeshirylajimi et al, 2015), which are currently used for bone tissue engineering approaches (Lin et al, 2019;Kangari et al, 2020). Various cell types have already been investigated for cellbased bone tissue engineering approach, such as mesenchymal stromal cells (especially bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells and adipose-derived stromal cells), induced pluripotent stem cells or differentiated osteoblasts (Zhang et al, 2012).…”

Stem Cell Therapy in the Management of Fracture Non-Union – Evaluating Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Progress

“…Mesenchymal stem cells are introduced into the clinical site either by direct injection into the clinical site, or along bioengineered scaffolds which seek to promote proliferation, MSC survival and are considered more osteoconductive surfaces in comparison to the host surface [ 25 ].…”

Basic and Preclinical Research for Personalized Medicine

“…MSCs are extensively tested as therapeutic strategies in a much broader range of applications for tissue regeneration [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ] and for inflammatory conditions [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. MSCs exploit their regenerative effect by increasing their own pool and providing renewed niche components by both differentiating into mesodermal progenitors and attracting supporting cells [ 5 , 22 ].…”

“…Although their plasticity driving tissue regeneration is a key property, MSCs’ therapeutic effect is mainly a result of their potent immunomodulatory functions, which make them potentially suitable also in allogeneic transplantation [ 23 , 24 ]. MSC exert most of their properties by secreting paracrine factors with pleiotropic functions [ 25 , 26 , 27 ] both as free soluble bioactive factors and as the content of extracellular vesicles (EV), mainly exosomes, whose composition varies depending on the tissue environment with related external signals [ 5 , 13 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 ]. This MSC secretome has considerable advantages over cell-based strategies for manufacturing, safety, handling, storage, shelf life, hence potential translation into cell-free biological therapies [ 33 ].…”