Mental, behavioral and neurodevelopmental disorders in the ICD-11: an international perspective on key changes and controversies

Abstract

An update of the chapter on Mental, Behavioral and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) is of great interest around the world. The recent approval of the 11th Revision of the ICD (ICD-11) by the World Health Organization (WHO) raises broad questions about the status of nosology of mental disorders as a whole as well as more focused questions regarding changes to the diagnostic guidelines for specific conditions and the implications of these changes for practice and research. This Forum brings together a broad range of experts to reflect on key changes and controversies in the ICD-11 classification of mental disorders. Taken together, there is consensus that the WHO's focus on global applicability and clinical utility in developing the diagnostic guidelines for this chapter will maximize the likelihood that it will be adopted by mental health professionals and administrators. This focus is also expected to enhance the application of the guidelines in non-specialist settings and their usefulness for scaling up evidence-based interventions. The new mental disorders classification in ICD-11 and its accompanying diagnostic guidelines therefore represent an important, albeit iterative, advance for the field.

A probable surge in oral lichen planus cases under the aura of coronavirus in females in India

“…Will this stress act an inducing or as a contributing factor for the transformation, if at all? The ICD-11 has recognized a new group of 'disorders specifically associated with stress' that identifies disorders in which external stress is a necessary and prominent causal factor [8]. Prioritising public health, especially in context to mental health is the need of the hour and the key to wellbeing in this era of pandemic [10].…”

Childhood Depression Can Impair Learning

“…The CDI was presented by Kovacs in 1983, the first instrument designed to study the symptoms of depression in childhood. It consists of a self-assessment scale with 27 items, in order to identify the depressive symptoms in individuals from 7 to 17 years old and has been widely used since then (Gaebel et al, 2020;Stein et al, 2020). The DSM-V (2013) is a reference for psychiatric diagnoses, and knowledge of its criteria for the diagnosis of depressive disorders is essential.…”

“…For example, the mood disorders (which includes, among other mental involvement, depressive disorders) were also placed in this set, because, according to etiological theories, they believe that their origin is related to neurobiological causes, such as processes linked to inflammatory physiology. In this sense, the fact of this new approach of ICD-11 was criticized, claiming that the limits between the origin of the disorders (i.e., whether they start in neurodevelopment or not) are not very clear (Stein et al, 2020).…”

“…Among such symptoms, a total of 10 bring depressive moods; marked decrease in interest or pleasure in activities; reduced power of concentration or maintenance of attention or marked difficulty in making decisions; low self-esteem or excessive or inadequate guilt; lack of hope for the future; frequent thoughts of death or ideation or suicide attempt; significant disturbances in sleep or excessive sleep; changes in appetite or weight; agitation or psychomotor retardation; and decrease in energy or fatigue. Depending on the number of episodes, as well as the intensity of how they occur (i.e., whether they are medium, moderate or severe) (Stein et al, 2020), a gradual range of depression disorders is created, thus characterizing its new dimensional approach (which brings it closer to DSM) (Gaebel et al, 2020;Stein et al, 2020).…”

Does Bariatric Binge‐Eating Size Matter? Conceptual Model and Empirical Support

“…Several studies have found that the experience of LOC, not the size of the eating episode, remains the salient feature of binge eating and related psychopathology (5‐7). Accordingly, the most recent version of the International Classification of Diseases newly characterizes binge eating as when an “individual eats notably more and/or differently than usual and feels unable to stop eating or limit the type or amount of food eaten” (8,9). As this definition conveys, the field seems to be moving toward a more flexible and broader perspective of the relevance of size or quantity of food intake for classifying binge eating.…”