Membrane stabilization as a mechanism of the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic root extract of Choi (Piper chaba)

Abstract

Background: This experiment is conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Piper chaba roots. Methods: The in-vitro anti-inflammatory activity of Piper chaba was carried out by human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization method which includes heat-induced hemolysis and hypo tonicity-induced hemolysis and also by another method of egg albumin denaturation assay. Results: Anti-inflammatory activity study of crude ethanolic extract was performed using heat induced membrane stabilization method, hypo-tonicity induced HRBC membrane stabilization method and egg albumin denaturation method. Crude ethanolic extracts of P. chaba showed promising in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in a concentration dependent manner. Using acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) as standard drug and was compared with ethanolic extract to determine anti-inflammatory activity. Heat induced anti-inflammatory test revealed that crude ethanolic extract of P. chaba (500 μg/ml) and positive control ASA(500 μg/ml) have 52.667% and 78% respectively, hypo tonicity induced antiinflammatory test showed 35.67% and 59% inhibition of red blood cell (RBC) hemolysis. Egg albumin denaturation method also evaluated that crude ethanolic extract (1000 μg/ml) and ASA (1000 μg/ml) showed 60% and 97.12% inhibition of egg albumin denaturation. Conclusion: The plant of P. chaba of the genus Piper possesses promising anti-inflammatory activities.

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“…ETEC produces one or both of a heat-labile (LT) or heat-stable enterotoxin (either STa or STb), and V. cholerae releases cholera toxin (CT) [ 7 ]. Drugs, such as nicotinic acid, berberine sulfate, loperamide, and chlorpromazine, have been applied in animal models to inhibit the secretion of CT and LT [ 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Indomethacin, chlorpromazine, and berberine also decrease secretion induced by STa [ 124 , 126 , 127 ].…”

“…Drugs, such as nicotinic acid, berberine sulfate, loperamide, and chlorpromazine, have been applied in animal models to inhibit the secretion of CT and LT [ 124 , 125 , 126 ]. Indomethacin, chlorpromazine, and berberine also decrease secretion induced by STa [ 124 , 126 , 127 ]. Despite the efficacy of these antisecretory compounds in animals, none are routinely available for use in humans because the doses required for efficacy are large enough to cause adverse side effects [ 128 ].…”

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“…A small p3 hydrophobic fragment is generated by α-secretase, which plays a role in normal synaptic signaling and is further sliced at residue 711 by γ-secretase; however, its exact functions still need to be clarified. Endocytosis of cell-surface APP leads to endosome growth of Aβ that contributes to extracellular discharge and accumulation of Aβ [ 66 ].…”

“…γ-Secretase converts the complex into insoluble and neurotoxic Aβ fragments [ 70 ]. The first and rate-limiting step in this process is the β-secretase cleavage [ 66 , 71 ]. β-Cleavage releases the sAPP ectodomain, and a 99 amino acid APP carboxy-terminal fragment (C99) can be cleaved further at numerous sites by γ-secretase.…”

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