Medical image security in a HIPAA mandated PACS environment

Cao, Fei; Huang, H. K.; Zhou, Xiaoqiang

doi:10.1016/s0895-6111(02)00073-3

Cited by 142 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…For example, virtual private network (VPN), firewall, etc., as well as encryption, cryptographic hash function, or their derivatives such as digital signature (DS), machine authentication code (MAC), manipulation detection code (MDC), and perceptual hashing, etc. However, these conventional security measures are considered to have limitations specially in protecting the medical images [6,7,13,18,[30][31][32][33][34], which are summarized in Table 2 and should be properly addressed for the improved security.…”

Section: Limitations Of the Existing Security Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various national and international legislative rules and directives define the security and privacy requirements of medical information. These requirements are being achieved by different conventional measures, which are thought to be incapable of providing the required security of the electronic radiology information in the PACS/RIS-based teleradiology [5][6][7]. On the other hand, recent studies show the possibility of using digital watermarking for improving security in teleradiology [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology

2012

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Teleradiology allows medical images to be transmitted over electronic networks for clinical interpretation and for improved healthcare access, delivery, and standards. Although such remote transmission of the images is raising various new and complex legal and ethical issues, including image retention and fraud, privacy, malpractice liability, etc., considerations of the security measures used in teleradiology remain unchanged. Addressing this problem naturally warrants investigations on the security measures for their relative functional limitations and for the scope of considering them further. In this paper, starting with various security and privacy standards, the security requirements of medical images as well as expected threats in teleradiology are reviewed. This will make it possible to determine the limitations of the conventional measures used against the expected threats. Furthermore, we thoroughly study the utilization of digital watermarking for teleradiology. Following the key attributes and roles of various watermarking parameters, justification for watermarking over conventional security measures is made in terms of their various objectives, properties, and requirements. We also outline the main objectives of medical image watermarking for teleradiology and provide recommendations on suitable watermarking techniques and their characterization. Finally, concluding remarks and directions for future research are presented.

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Section: Limitations Of the Existing Security Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology

2012

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“…Watermarking can be also used in medical images to prevent unauthorized modification by authenticating the content of the image. The purpose of medical image security is to maintain privacy of the patient information in the image and to assure data integrity that prevents the image from being tampered with [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tamper Localization and Lossless Recovery Watermarking Scheme with ROI Segmentation and Multilevel Authentication

Liew

Zain

2012

J Digit Imaging

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Tamper localization and recovery watermarking scheme can be used to detect manipulation and recover tampered images. In this paper, a tamper localization and lossless recovery scheme that used region of interest (ROI) segmentation and multilevel authentication was proposed. The watermarked images had a high average peak signal-tonoise ratio of 48.7 dB and the results showed that tampering was successfully localized and tampered area was exactly recovered. The usage of ROI segmentation and multilevel authentication had significantly reduced the time taken by approximately 50 % for the tamper localization and recovery processing.

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“…Meanwhile, mandates for ensuring health data security have been issued by the federal government such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). 2 Guidelines, such as digital imaging and communication in medicine (DICOM) standards that deal with security issues, continue to be published by organizing bodies in health care. This paper focuses on verifying the integrity of medical images with tamper localization functionality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lossless Watermarking for Verifying the Integrity of Medical Images with Tamper Localization

Guo

Zhuang

2008

J Digit Imaging

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Given the ease of alteration of digital data, integrity verification and tamper detection for medical images are becoming ever more important. In this paper, instead of using the conventional irreversible block-based watermarking approach to achieve tamper localization, we propose to incorporate such functionality into the regionbased lossless watermarking scheme. This is achieved by partitioning an image into certain non-overlapping regions and appending the associated local authentication information directly into the watermark payload. A region of authentication, which can be flexibly specified by the user, is partitioned into small regions in a multilevel hierarchical manner. Such hierarchical structure allows the user to easily adjust the localization accuracy, and makes the tamper detection efficient. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of tamper localization.

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Medical image security in a HIPAA mandated PACS environment

Cited by 142 publications

References 15 publications

A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology

A Review of Medical Image Watermarking Requirements for Teleradiology

Tamper Localization and Lossless Recovery Watermarking Scheme with ROI Segmentation and Multilevel Authentication

Lossless Watermarking for Verifying the Integrity of Medical Images with Tamper Localization

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