Mechanisms of resistance to chemicals in arthropod parasites of veterinary importance

Nolan, Justin M.

doi:10.1016/0304-4017(85)90064-0

Cited by 46 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The AChE in resistant strains of B. microplus has been analysed on the basis of inhibitor sensitivity (Nolan, 1985;Wright & Ahrens, 1988), leading the investigators to conclude that the enzyme is altered. While an enzyme alteration could explain the varying levels of sensitivity to OP acaricides between tick strains, the presence of large amounts of esterase in OP resistant ticks could be a problem when analysing AChE in total larval extracts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of esterase activity in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Acari: Ixodidae)

Rosario-Cruz

Miranda-Miranda

Garcia-Vasquez

et al. 1997

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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Two organophosphate (OP) resistant strains of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) from Mexico and Costa Rica were used to analyse the presence of esterase activity associated with resistance. The concentrations of six major proteins in both resistant strains were increased compared to the susceptible Morelos strain, both when stained with Coomassie Brilliant Blue after SDS-PAGE, and when analysed for esterase activity by the hydrolysis of naphthyl acetate esters. Esterases were named A or B in relation to the substrate preference for alpha or beta naphthyl acetate and numbered according to their position on the SDS-PAGE. The molecular weights of these proteins were: 125, 115, 108, 77, 43 and 67 Kd for Est-Bl, Est-B2, Est-B3, Est-B4, Est-B5 and Est-A respectively. Est-B3 showed cholinesterase (ChE) activity. This study strengthens the hypothesis that the mechanism associated with OP resistance found in many other insects includes an increase of esterase activity, probably as a result of gene amplification. The genes encoding these enzymes could be potentially used as molecular markers to detect resistance in the cattle tick B. microplus using a DNA probe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most important mechanisms that arthropods use to develop resistance to an acaricide include: (i) reduced penetration of the acaricide through the cuticle, (ii) increased detoxification of the compound, and (iii) reduced sensitivity of the acetylcholinesterase to acaricides (Nolan, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of esterase activity in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Acari: Ixodidae)

Rosario-Cruz

Miranda-Miranda

Garcia-Vasquez

et al. 1997

Bull. Entomol. Res.

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“…These increased esterase activity suggests that in the adult female B. microplus, integument may be a part of a putative mechanism of resistance. Potentially, esterase detoxiÞcation of the OP compounds in the integument may reduce the amount of active OP compound reaching the nervous tissues as previously described (Nolan 1985). OP compounds are generally highly lipid soluble.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Histochemical Localization of Esterases in the Integument of the Female <I>Boophilus microplus</I> (Acari: Ixodidae) Tick

Villarino¹,

Waghela

Wagner

2001

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The cattle tick Boophilus microplus (Canestrini) is one of the most important ectoparasites affecting tropical cattle with worldwide distribution. Application of organophosphate compounds (OP) is extensively used as a tick control method. However, the appearance of ticks resistant to the OP decreases the therapeutic efficacy of such compounds. Esterases have been implicated as potential biochemical mechanisms for detoxification in B. microplus larvae. We found increased esterase activity in the inner layers of the integument of OP resistant adult female B. microplus ticks as compared with the OP susceptible ticks. We discuss the potential role of these enzymes during acaricide metabolism and propose future research.

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“…Such residues cause cell and tissue damages, which are, in many cases, irreversible. Additionally, the emergence and selection of extremely resistant tick strains has been observed [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Histopathological changes in the liver and thyroid of mice (Mus musculus) caused by the acaricides: fipronil and thymol

Cunha¹,

Matos²,

Pereira³

et al. 2017

J Histol Histopathol

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The control of tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, that has the cattle as preferential host, has been performed using products based on different chemical substances. However, the indiscriminate use of these products has caused the selection of resistant populations and damages to the environment, contaminating the soil and water. Tickcides, like fipronil (synthetic chemical) and thymol (natural chemical), are applied on cattle through aspersion, causing the death of the ectoparasites. Nevertheless, the effects of these products on nontarget organisms have not been thoroughly investigated. Thus, this study evaluated the morphology of the liver and thyroid of female Mus musculus mice, divided into 5 treatment groups/5 individuals each, exposed to fipronil (2%) and thymol (2 mg/mL) through aspersion baths. After exposure, the mice were euthanized with anaesthetic overdose and dissected for organ removal. The results showed that both fipronil and thymol caused morphological alterations in the organs: cytoplasmic vacuolation, cell death characteristics in hepatocyte nuclei and structural disorganization of the thyroid gland. Along with body weight measurement, the results suggest that the morphological alterations would be a systemic response of the organism to the toxic action of these products, regardless their origin (synthetic of natural).

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Mechanisms of resistance to chemicals in arthropod parasites of veterinary importance

Cited by 46 publications

References 28 publications

Detection of esterase activity in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Acari: Ixodidae)

Detection of esterase activity in susceptible and organophosphate resistant strains of the cattle tickBoophilus microplus(Acari: Ixodidae)

Histochemical Localization of Esterases in the Integument of the Female <I>Boophilus microplus</I> (Acari: Ixodidae) Tick

Histopathological changes in the liver and thyroid of mice (Mus musculus) caused by the acaricides: fipronil and thymol

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