Mechanisms of HIV Transcriptional Regulation and Their Contribution to Latency

Abstract

Long-lived latent HIV-infected cells lead to the rebound of virus replication following antiretroviral treatment interruption and present a major barrier to eliminating HIV infection. These latent reservoirs, which include quiescent memory T cells and tissue-resident macrophages, represent a subset of cells with decreased or inactive proviral transcription. HIV proviral transcription is regulated at multiple levels including transcription initiation, polymerase recruitment, transcription elongation, and chromatin organization. How these biochemical processes are coordinated and their potential role in repressing HIV transcription along with establishing and maintaining latency are reviewed.

Effect of Exercise on Cardiac and Metabolic Outcomes in People Living With HIV

“…Two of the eight trials also conducted resistance exercise training, which included upper and lower extremity exercises such as bench press, leg press, knee extension, shoulder abduction, and arm curls. Two of the studies were led by a nurse investigator (Baigis et al, 2002;Smith et al, 2001).…”

“…Studies have shown that moderate-to high-intensity aerobic exercise conducted 2-3 times per week may have a signifi cant impact on increased maximum oxygen consumption (VO 2max ) in PLWH (Dolan et al, 2006;Hand et al, 2008;. Other benefi ts of exercise documented in apparently healthy adults and PLWH may include an increased plasma volume, increased cardiac output, decreased body mass index (BMI), subcutaneous fat, and abdominal girth (Cade, Peralta, & Keyser, 2004;McArdle, Katch, & Katch, 2010;Smith et al, 2001). Thoni and colleagues (2002) reported signifi cant decreases in total abdominal adipose tissue, total cholesterol, and triglycerides, and signifi cant increases in HDL cholesterol.…”

“…Training partners can motivate PLWH to continue exercising and are effective for a long-term commitment to behavior change (Yahiaoui, McGough, & Voss, 2012). There is general agreement that moderate aerobic and/or resistance exercise does not negatively impact viral load or CD4 T cell counts (Clem & Borchers, 2007;Smith et al, 2001).…”

“…The HIV-1 virus is a retrovirus that can infect a wide array of cells and organs including the brain, nerve, liver, gut, lung, immune, vascular, endothelial, and mucosal cells (Schiralli, Lester, & Henderson, 2012). The pathophysiology of the mechanisms of how viral RNA is integrated into immune and tissue cells continues to be an exciting fi eld for discovery (Louboutin & Strayer, 2012).…”

Naf1 Regulates HIV-1 Latency by Suppressing Viral Promoter-Driven Gene Expression in Primary CD4 + T Cells

“…The HIV-1 LTR promoter plays an essential role in driving viral transcription and productive infection (22)(23)(24). To determine the mechanism of Naf1 inhibition of HIV-1 replication, we investigated whether Naf1 could inhibit LTR activity.…”