Mechanism of Crystal Formation in Ruddlesden–Popper Sn‐Based Perovskites

Dong, Jingjin; Shao, Shuyan; Kahmann, Simon; Rommens, Alexander J.; Hermida‐Merino, Daniel; Brink, Gert H. ten; Loi, Maria Antonietta; Portale, Giuseppe

doi:10.1002/adfm.202001294

Cited by 100 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 56 publications

(78 reference statements)

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“…The evaporation of the solvent during the annealing process causes the intermediate to slowly release PbI 2 to form the perovskite phase, and the intermediate acts as a framework to facilitate the construction of perovskite QW ( Figure 4 a). In the second stage, the crystallization of 2D perovskite precursor has priority over the formation of a 3D‐like perovskite phase at the gas‐liquid interface, [ 100 ] which is a critical step. Ensure the process is not disturbed is a necessary condition for obtaining the preferred orientation.…”

Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Lei

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

140

124

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volatile decomposition [23] or halide segregation are often observed in hybrid perovskites under various stress conditions (light, [24] thermal, [25] and electric fields [26]); 4) spontaneous phase transition easily occurs for perovskite with unstable crystal structures, particularly for inorganic perovskite. [27-29] To improve the stability of PSCs, researchers attempted numerous methods such as encapsulation, [30] additive engineering, [31] component engineering, [32] etc. [33] However, the PSCs' stability is yet to achieve a perfect solution. Recently, researchers found that the introduction of long-chain organic cations in 3D perovskite as 2D perovskite can block water and oxygen molecules, meanwhile, generate a steric effect to prevent phase transitions, and limit ion migration. [34-36] Hence, fabricating 2D [37,38] or 2D/3D [39-43] mixed perovskite as absorbing layers are effective approaches to improve the stability of PSCs. However, the PCE of 2D PSCs remain lower than that of the 3D ones, which is mainly attributed to the introduction of organic macromolecules that blocks the effective extraction and transport of carriers. [44,45] Fortunately, 2D perovskite usually has three arrangements, namely parallel, perpendicular to the glass substrate or randomly arranged. [46] Manipulating the orientation of the crystal and the phase distribution in the 2D solution-processed perovskite can improve the efficiency and reproducibility of the device. Among them, the most desired arrangement for PSCs is the one that perpendicular to the substrate. Therefore, studying the crystallization kinetics of 2D perovskite is curial to effectively control the film forming process and adjust the crystal orientation (perpendicular to the substrate), which can effectively avoid or reduce the adverse effects of the organic molecular layer and improve device efficiency. [47,48] Nevertheless, few review articles were published on this subject. In this review, we mainly focus on the key issue for controlling crystallization kinetics and summarizing the research progress of their effects on various types of 2D PSCs. We also discuss the crystal/natural quantum well (QW) structure and the original stability for 2D PSCs in detail. Finally, remaining challenges and outlooks are presented. 2. Crystal and Natural Quantum Well Structure The material structure has a substantial impact on performance. [49-51] Properties of 2D and 3D perovskites differ 2D perovskites demonstrate higher moisture stability, oxygen content, thermal stability, and a significantly lower ion migration/phase transition occurrence in comparison to 3D perovskite. These advantages imply huge potential for 2D perovskite in commercial applications in the photovoltaic field. However, the horizontal arrangement of the organic layer severely hinders the transport of carriers, and thus, the power conversion efficiency of 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is significantly lower than that of 3D. Controlling the crystallization orientation to achieve rapid carrier transport can effe...

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Section: Crystallization Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Wang

Lei

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

140

124

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“…The high crystallinity and orientational order observed in 2D/3D film are associated with the changes in the crystallization process, in which 2D tin perovskite promotes the surface crystallization of the 3D tin perovskite. [ 32 ] Figure S3 (Supporting Information) shows the atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of the two films. The pure 3D film exhibits large grains with sharp grain boundaries, while the 2D/3D film shows fused grain boundaries.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Field‐Effect Transistors Based on Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite

Shao

Talsma

Pitaro

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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To date, there are no reports of 3D tin perovskite being used as a semiconducting channel in field‐effect transistors (FETs). This is probably due to the large amount of trap states and high p‐doping typical of this material. Here, the first top‐gate bottom‐contact FET using formamidinium tin triiodide perovskite films is reported as a semiconducting channel. These FET devices show a hole mobility of up to 0.21 cm2 V−1 s−1, an ION/OFF ratio of 104, and a relatively small threshold voltage (VTH) of 2.8 V. Besides the device geometry, the key factor explaining this performance is the reduced doping level of the active layer. In fact, by adding a small amount of the 2D material in the 3D tin perovskite, the crystallinity of FASnI3 is enhanced, and the trap density and hole carrier density are reduced by one order of magnitude. Importantly, these transistors show enhanced parameters after 20 months of storage in a N2 atmosphere.

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“…It has been concluded that Sn‐based perovskites tend to form without through a direct conversion of a disordered precursor phase without the formation of ordered solvated intermediates and the postannealing process. [ 102 ]…”

Section: Fundamental Understanding Of Rp Perovskites Film In Pscsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Quality Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Film Formation for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

et al. 2021

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In the last decade, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have undergone unprecedented rapid development and become a promising candidate for a new‐generation solar cell. Among various PSCs, typical 3D halide perovskite‐based PSCs deliver the highest efficiency but they suffer from severe instability, which restricts their practical applications. By contrast, the low‐dimensional Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskite‐based PSCs have recently raised increasing attention due to their superior stability. Yet, the efficiency of RP perovskite‐based PSCs is still far from that of the 3D counterparts owing to the difficulty in fabricating high‐quality RP perovskite films. In pursuit of high‐efficiency RP perovskite‐based PSCs, it is critical to manipulate the film formation process to prepare high‐quality RP perovskite films. This review aims to provide comprehensive understanding of the high‐quality RP‐type perovskite film formation by investigating the influential factors. On this basis, several strategies to improve the RP perovskite film quality are proposed via summarizing the recent progress and efforts on the preparation of high‐quality RP perovskite film. This review will provide useful guidelines for a better understanding of the crystallization and phase kinetics during RP perovskite film formation process and the design and development of high‐performance RP perovskite‐based PSCs, promoting the commercialization of PSC technology.

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Mechanism of Crystal Formation in Ruddlesden–Popper Sn‐Based Perovskites

Cited by 100 publications

References 56 publications

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Crystallization Kinetics in 2D Perovskite Solar Cells

Field‐Effect Transistors Based on Formamidinium Tin Triiodide Perovskite

High‐Quality Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskite Film Formation for High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells

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