Mechanical properties of skin: a bioengineering study of skin structure.

Ridge, M.D.; Wright, V.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1966.21.5.1602

Cited by 73 publications

(31 citation statements)

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“…In the collagen tissue, such a relationship has been attributed to a recruitment model (8, 9, 13) which can be explained in the following way: collagen fibers in the unstretched state form wavy patterns and are more or less disorganized in orientation, depending on the function of the organ in which they are located. With increasing deformation an increasing number of fibers straighten and start bearing load (8,9). Moreover, with increasing loads, realignment may occur within the single collagen fibers, as the microfibrils straighten and realign in their turn.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite a renewed interest in biomechanics, as evidenced by recent studies on the mechanical properties of blood vessels (1)(2)(3), lungs (4), muscles (5,6), tendons (7,8), skin (9), and many other organs and tissues (10), little information is available on the mechanical properties of the gastroDr. Goyal's present address is Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex. Received for publication 24 June 1970 and in revised form 26 February 1971. intestinal tract.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanical properties of the esophageal wall

Goyal¹,

Biancani²,

Phillips³

et al. 1971

J. Clin. Invest.

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A B S T R A C T Pressure-diameter curves of the esophagus were obtained to define its mechanical properties. The mucosal contribution to the strength of the esophagus was negligible until the outer diameter almost doubled, suggesting that small intraluminal pressures are held by the muscle layer alone. For larger deformations mucosal contribution increased and at failure the mucosa held over one-half of the failure pressure of the esophagus.The paths followed during loading and unloading are different and exhibit hysteresis. They are influenced by the rate of pressure change, being more compliant for low rates of pressure change. They are influenced by the history of loading, being different for successive loadingunloading cycles. If enough loading-unloading cycles are repeated a stable loop is reached, which does not change thereafter.Both the mucosa and the whole esophagus show increasing stiffness with increasing pressure. This behavior can be represented by a simple exponential relationship. However, at rapid rates of pressure increases, the esophageal muscles produce sigmoid loading curves, which gradually become exponential when repeating loading.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of the esophageal wall

Goyal¹,

Biancani²,

Phillips³

et al. 1971

J. Clin. Invest.

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“…A study by Ridge and Wright, of 1996, was one of the first publications. 51 The practical applicability of these technologies to measure skin parameters, such as water amount, microcirculation, pigmentation, and elasticity, came with the creation of standardized equipment, which made the establishment of methods and reproducibility of measurements possible.…”

Section: Authorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Barreira cutânea na dermatite atópica

Addor

Aoki

2010

An. Bras. Dermatol.

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Research about the skin barrier and its properties has increased significantly since the 60s, with studies that indicated its resistance when isolated, as well as its particularities in relation to skin permeability. At the same time, description of Odland bodies helped to understand how stratum corneum stability is maintained. The "brick and mortar" model is the most accepted so far. In this analogy, the corneocytes are the bricks and the intercellular lipids are the mortar. Currently, there is concrete evidence that the stratum corneum is an active metabolic structure that holds adaptive functions, interacting dynamically with the underlying epidermal layers. The skin barrier also plays a role in the inflammatory response through melanocyte activation, angiogenesis, and fibroplasia. The intensity of this response will essentially depend on the severity of the injury. Skin barrier abnormalities in atopic dermatitis are clinically observed by the presence of dry skin, a common and significant symptom which constitutes a diagnostic and monitoring parameter. The stratum corneum hydration level and transepidermal water loss are associated with the level of damage to the barrier, representing biophysical parameters. These parameters help doctors monitor patients in a less invasive and more sensitive manner. Keywords: Dermatitis, atopic; Insensible; Keratinocytes; Water loss Resumo: O estudo da barreira cutânea e de suas propriedades ganhou impulso a partir da década de 60, com estudos que apontaram sua resistência de forma isolada e suas propriedades com relação à permeação cutânea. Paralelamente, a descrição dos corpos de Odland auxiliou a compreensão da manutenção da estabilidade da camada córnea. O modelo brick & mortar, em que os corneócitos são os tijolos e o cimento são os lipídeos intercelulares, é o mais aceito, até o momento. Atualmente, há evidências consistentes de que o estrato córneo é uma estrutura metabolicamente ativa e exerce funções adaptativas. A barreira cutâ-nea também tem um papel na resposta inflamatória, com ativação de melanócitos, angiogênese e fibroplasia, cuja intensidade depende, basicamente, da intensidade da agressão. As anormalidades da barreira cutâ-nea da dermatite atópica são clinicamente observáveis pela presença de pele seca, achado muito frequente e significativo, que constitui parâmetro diagnóstico e de acompanhamento. O grau de hidratação da camada córnea, assim como a perda de água transepidérmica (transepidermal water loss -TEWL), estão relacionados com o grau de dano à barreira, constituindo parâmetros biofísicos que permitem acompanhar os pacientes de maneira não invasiva e com maior grau de sensibilidade. Palavras-chave: Dermatite atópica; Queratinócitos; Perda insensível de água

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“…It is known that composition and mechanical properties ofthe skin and subcutaneous tissue change with age (Ridge & Wright, 1966;Daly & Odland, 1979). Agache, Monneur, Leveque & De Rigal (1980) demonstrated a marked drop in stretchability of human skin around the age of 30-35 years.…”

Section: K I Baumann W Hamann and M S Leungmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of skin and responsiveness of slowly adapting type I mechanoreceptors in rats at different ages.

Baumann¹,

Hamann²,

Leung³

1986

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Slowly adapting type I (s.a. I) cutaneous mechanoreceptors were studied in young (3-4 months old) and adult (9-11 months old) rats. Trains of thirty repetitive mechanical stimuli with 0-1 s rise time, 1-9 s plateau phase, and 0-7 s interstimulus interval were applied. A feed-back mechanism maintained the force of stimulation at 20 mN during the plateau phases of stimuli and the contact force between stimuli at 0-5 mN.2. During the first few stimuli in a train residual indentation at contact force increased rapidly. Maximal indentation required to maintain the force of stimulation of 20 mN increased as well but to a smaller extent. Thus, the stroke amplitudes of individual stimuli decreased with increasing stimulus number.3. All displacement values in the group of adult rats were consistently reduced to 62+3 % of the respective values in the group of young rats, indicating a linear decrease in skin compliance in the force range of 0-5-20 mN. 4. Nervous responses to individual stimuli decreased from about 200 impulses for stimulus number 1 to about 60 impulses for stimulus number 30. Significant differences in the number of impulses between young and adult rats were observed from stimulus number 9 to number 16 only.5. It is concluded that the design of the s.a. I receptor allows maintained high tactile sensitivity in response to force-related stimuli irrespective of age-induced changes in mechanical properties of the skin and underlying tissues.

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Mechanical properties of skin: a bioengineering study of skin structure.

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

Mechanical properties of the esophageal wall

Mechanical properties of the esophageal wall

Barreira cutânea na dermatite atópica

Mechanical properties of skin and responsiveness of slowly adapting type I mechanoreceptors in rats at different ages.

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