Mechanical energy fluctuations during hill walking: the effects of slope on inverted pendulum exchange

Gottschall, Jinger S.; Kram, Rodger

doi:10.1242/jeb.02584

Cited by 60 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Unavoidably, the oscillation of the CoM is asymmetric during incline walking. While the exchange of mechanical energy of the CoM is more effective during downhill walking on moderate slopes, the exchange during uphill walking is less effective (Gottschall & Kram, 2006). These observations have been recently confirmed experimentally (Gomeñuka, Bona, da Rosa, & Peyré-Tartaruga, 2014), with R varying from 10 to 30% over a large range of speeds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

The pendular mechanism does not determine the optimal speed of loaded walking on gradients

Gomeñuka

Bona

Rosa

et al. 2016

Human Movement Science

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

The pendular mechanism does not determine the optimal speed of loaded walking on gradients

Gomeñuka

Bona

Rosa

et al. 2016

Human Movement Science

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“…Reducing CoM excursion, step-to-step collisional costs, and fatigue are three key ways a broader pelvis may reduce overall metabolic costs during walking. Since the locomotor system involves a complicated physiological system, understanding the interactions between energy exchange at the limbs [55,56], the distribution of mass across the limbs [57][58][59], and the importance of soft tissue (e.g., connective tissue and viscera) to accomplish positive work and allay collisional forces [60] have all been leading to a new appreciation of the role of the pelvis in allowing energetic economy. Establishing the interactions between bitrochanteric breadth, biomechanics, and energetics of walking all in the same sample should be of great interest in future work.…”

Section: Morphological Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size and Shape: Morphology's Impact on Human Speed and Mobility

Wall-Scheffler

2012

Journal of Anthropology

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While human sexual dimorphism is generally expected to be the result of differential reproductive strategies, it has the potential to create differences in the energetics of locomotion and the speed at which each morph travels, particularly since people have been shown to choose walking speeds around their metabolic optimum. Here, people of varying sizes walked around a track at four self-selected speeds while their metabolic rate was collected, in order to test whether the size variation within a population could significantly affect the shape of the optimal walking curve. The data show that larger people have significantly faster optimal walking speeds, higher costs at their optimal speed, and a more acute optimal walking curve (thus an increased penalty for walking at suboptimal speeds). Bigger people who also have wider bitrochanteric breadths have lower metabolic costs at their minimum than bigger people with a more narrow bitrochanteric breadth. Finally, tibia length significantly positively predicts optimal walking speed. These results suggest sex-specific walking groups typical of living human populations may be the result of energy maximizing strategies. In addition, testable hypotheses of group strategies are put forth.

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“…COM dynamics have been well represented by an inverted pendulum model during single leg support for level-ground walking at constant velocities (Cavagna et al, 1977;Gottschall and Kram, 2006 ). This model suggests minimal mechanical work to sustain steady-speed locomotion because of a constant phasic exchange of potential and kinetic energy (Cavagna et al, 1977(Cavagna et al, , 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between metabolic and individual leg mechanical power during walking at different slopes and velocities

Jeffers

Auyang

Grabowski

2015

Journal of Biomechanics

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During level-ground walking, mechanical work from each leg is required to redirect and accelerate the center of mass. Previous studies show a linear correlation between net metabolic power and the rate of step-to-step transition work during level-ground walking with changing step lengths. However, correlations between metabolic power and individual leg power during step-to-step transitions while walking on uphill/downhill slopes and at different velocities are not known. This basic understanding of these relationships between metabolic demands and biomechanical tasks can provide important information for design and control of biomimetic assistive devices such as leg prostheses and orthoses. Thus, we compared changes in metabolic power and mechanical power during step-to-step transitions while 19 subjects walked at seven slopes (0°, +/−3°, +/−6°, and +/−9°) and three velocities (1.00, 1.25, and 1.50 m/s). A quadratic model explained more of the variance (R 2 =0.58-0.61) than a linear model (R 2 =0.37-0.52) between metabolic power and individual leg mechanical power during step-to-step transitions across all velocities. A quadratic model explained more of the variance (R 2 =0.57-0.76) than a linear model (R 2 =0.52-0.59) between metabolic power and individual leg mechanical power during step-to-step transitions at each velocity for all slopes, and explained more of the variance (R 2 =0.12-0.54) than a linear model (R 2 =0.07-0.49) at each slope for all velocities. Our results suggest that it is important to consider the mechanical function of each leg in the design of biomimetic assistive devices aimed at reducing metabolic costs when walking at different slopes and velocities.

show abstract

Mechanical energy fluctuations during hill walking: the effects of slope on inverted pendulum exchange

Cited by 60 publications

References 21 publications

The pendular mechanism does not determine the optimal speed of loaded walking on gradients

The pendular mechanism does not determine the optimal speed of loaded walking on gradients

Size and Shape: Morphology's Impact on Human Speed and Mobility

The correlation between metabolic and individual leg mechanical power during walking at different slopes and velocities

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