Mechanical and hydrometallurgical processes in HCl media for the recycling of valuable metals from Li-ion battery waste

Porvali, Antti; Aaltonen, Miamari; Ojanen, Severi; Velázquez-Martínez, Omar; Eronen, Emmi; Liu, Fupeng; Wilson, Benjamin P.; Serna-Guerrero, Rodrigo; Lundström, Mari

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.11.023

Cited by 108 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The process discussed by References [43,44] encompasses a mixture of mechanical pre-processing stages followed by a pyrometallurgical step and a thorough hydrometallurgical treatment to recover 99% of the LIB materials.…”

Section: Laboratory Process Suggested By Aalto Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are currently one of the most important electrochemical energy storage devices, powering electronic mobile devices and electric vehicles alike. However, there is a remarkable difference between their rate of production and rate of recycling. At the end of their lifecycle, only a limited number of LIBs undergo any recycling treatment, with the majority go to landfills or being hoarded in households. Further losses of LIB components occur because the the state-of-the-art LIB recycling processes are limited to components with high economic value, e.g., Co, Cu, Fe, and Al. With the increasing popularity of concepts such as “circular economy” (CE), new LIB recycling systems have been proposed that target a wider spectrum of compounds, thus reducing the environmental impact associated with LIB production. This review work presents a discussion of the current practices and some of the most promising emerging technologies for recycling LIBs. While other authoritative reviews have focused on the description of recycling processes, the aim of the present was is to offer an analysis of recycling technologies from a CE perspective. Consequently, the discussion is based on the ability of each technology to recover every component in LIBs. The gathered data depicted a direct relationship between process complexity and the variety and usability of the recovered fractions. Indeed, only processes employing a combination of mechanical processing, and hydro- and pyrometallurgical steps seemed able to obtain materials suitable for LIB (re)manufacture. On the other hand, processes relying on pyrometallurgical steps are robust, but only capable of recovering metallic components.

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Section: Laboratory Process Suggested By Aalto Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The so-called "Aalto University Process" is a theoretical process partially based on the developments of Reference [42], applying laboratory-scale results to processing real LIB waste [43]. This process, analyzed by Reference [44], was classified into the "Emerging" category because it recovers all the LIB compounds.…”

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confidence: 99%

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

et al. 2019

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“…reported the recovery of Li, Fe, and Mn from cathodes of spent batteries using HCl and H 2 O 2. Others recycled LIBs via mechanical processing to separate metals based on their density . Georgi‐Maschler et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 14] Others recycled LIBs via mechanical processing to separate metals based on their density. [15] Georgi-Maschler et al developed a process to recycle LIBs by combining mechanical pretreatment with hydro-and pyro-metallurgical processes followed by the use of electric arc furnace to refine the extracted metals, This process managed to recover cobalt and lithium as well as cobalt alloy. [16] Chang-Heum et al used a combination of hydrometallurgical and physical processes, based on the solubility variation of different metals in several solvents, to recycle lithium and cobalt compounds with high purity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Li−Ni−Mn−Co Hydroxide from Spent Batteries to Produce High‐Performance Supercapacitors with Exceptional Stability

et al. 2020

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The intensive implementation of Li‐ion batteries in many markets makes it increasingly urgent to address the recycling of strategic materials from spent batteries. Batteries typically contain toxic chemicals and cannot be disposed of at will. In this study, Li−Ni−Mn−Co hydroxides are successfully recycled from spent Li‐ion batteries electrodeposited on nickel foam, and fully characterized using different techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDXS), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The recycled nanostructured films are tested in a three‐electrode electrochemical system to investigate their capacitance behavior. The recycled electrodes show high capacitance of 951 F g−1 (specific capacity of 523.5 C g−1) at 1 A g−1. Moreover, the recycled materials are used as positive electrodes to construct asymmetric supercapacitor devices. The device shows a coulombic efficiency of 100 %, a capacitance retention reaching approximately 90 % with excellent cycling stability after 10 000 cycles as well as reasonable power and energy densities.

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“…Lithium recovery is essential for the development of electric car production [9]; the current price is 16,500$/MT [7]. Mass production of vehicles powered by lithium-ion batteries will increase demand for lithium, so its price will increase and recovery will be profitable [10][11][12]. Another argument in favour of recycling batteries is the need to protect the environment from pollution by heavy metals or complex organic substances contained in Li-ion batteries [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Portable Li-Ion Cells’ Recycling Challenges in Poland

Sobianowska-Turek

Urbańska

2019

Batteries

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The paper presents the market of portable lithium-ion batteries in the European Union (EU) with particular emphasis on the stream of used Li-ion cells in Poland by 2030. In addition, the article draws attention to the fact that, despite a decade of efforts in Poland, it has not been possible to create an effective management system for waste batteries and accumulators that would include waste management (collection and selective sorting), waste disposal (a properly selected mechanical method) and component recovery technology for reuse (pyrometallurgical and/or hydrometallurgical methods). This paper also brings attention to the fact that this EU country with 38 million people does not have in its area a recycling process for used cells of the first type of zinc-carbon, zinc-manganese or zinc-air, as well as the secondary type of nickel-hydride and lithium-ion, which in the stream of chemical waste energy sources will be growing from year to year.

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Mechanical and hydrometallurgical processes in HCl media for the recycling of valuable metals from Li-ion battery waste

Cited by 108 publications

References 37 publications

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Processes from a Circular Economy Perspective

Recycling of Li−Ni−Mn−Co Hydroxide from Spent Batteries to Produce High‐Performance Supercapacitors with Exceptional Stability

Future Portable Li-Ion Cells’ Recycling Challenges in Poland

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