Mechanical and Functional Characteristics of Hand Grip Strength in Young Female Handball Players

Abstract

The aim of this research was to define differences in functional and mechanical characteristics of isometric hand grip (HG) strength between young female handball players and the CG comprised of physically active girls with no experience in sport. 70 individuals participated in the research, 36 of whom were the best young female handball players (of cadet and junior categories) while 34 girls comprised the CG. The results obtained show that the young female handball players who took part in the tests achieved Fmax at the levels from 306.4±40.8 to 335.5±47.0 N and RFDmax at the levels ranging from 1918.1±366.8 to 2174.4±382.1 N/s for the non-dominant and dominant hand. When these results are compared to the ones achieved by the CG it is clear that the young female handball players had a statistically significant higher level of the maximum HG force of both arms as well as the higher level of maximum explosiveness. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding all the indexes of dimorphism (ID) as well as the values of the time needed for achieving the maximum intensity of muscle excitation (tRFDmax). Therefore, it can be concluded that the handball players who underwent the testing procedures showed positive adaptation from the aspect of the mechanical characteristics of hand grip strength, which can most likely be ascribed to the phenomenon of biological adaptation to the training stimuli characteristic for handball. However, the same influence was not detected from the aspect of functional characteristics, more precisely, dimorphism.

Body fat of competitive volleyball players: a systematic review with meta-analysis

“…For assessment of BF, 32 studies used skinfold measurements [ 5 , 10 , 16 , 17 , 21–48 ], 15 studies used BIA [ 9 , 26 , 49–61 ], 12 studies used DXA [ 20 , 62–72 ] and six studies used densitometry [ 45 , 73–77 ]. Vargas et al [ 45 ] and Buśko & Lipińska [ 26 ] directly compared skinfold measurements to densitometry and BIA, respectively.…”

“…Considering that BF has a relatively high inverse association with vertical jump performance (BF alone seems to explained 57% of vertical jump variability, and 66% of variability when combined with sex or body weight) [ 12 ], it is reasonable to expect that elite volleyball players would have lower BF values than their non-elite peers, similar to other team sports such as basketball where body composition has been found to discriminate between levels of competition [ 14 ]. However, while some studies have confirmed this hypothesis [ 5 , 10 , 15 ], others have reported no or unclear differences in BF between playing levels [ 9 , 16 , 17 ]. Additionally, although BF is routinely assessed, volleyball-specific BF recommendations are lacking, making it difficult for researchers and practitioners to interpret measurement results.…”

Specifične Karakteristike Mišića Opružača Nogu Kod Vrhunskih Odbojkaša Oba Pola U Srbiji

“…U dosadašnjim istraživanjima, polni dimorfizam je uglavnom praćen na nivou maksimalne izometrijske sile. Prosečne vrednosti procentualnih razlika maksimalne sile u pogledu pola, u dostupnoj literaturi, bile su na nivou od oko 30% u korist ispitanika muškog pola (Komi & Karlson, 1978;Hakkinen, 1991;Demura et al, 2003;Dopsaj et al, 2009;Schmitz & Shulz, 2010). U cilјu utvrđivanja razlike maksimalne izometrijske sile mišića opružača nogu u funkciji pola, Komi & Karlsson (1978) su ustanovili da su prosečne vrednosti maksimalne izometrijske sile ekstenzora nogu kod odbojkašica bile na nivou od 80,3% izmerenih prosečnih vrednosti kod odbojkaša.…”

“…Takođe je utvrđeno da je ispitanicima muškog pola potrebno manje vremena da postignu isti nivo maksimalne sile, posebno kod njenih viših vrednosti (za postizanje sile od 2000 N odbojkašicama je potrebno 331 ± 19 ms, a odbojkašima 93 ± 24 ms). Da bi se definisao polni dimorfizam maksimalne sile stiska šake, utvrđeni koeficijent je bio na približno istom nivou kao i maksimalna sila u različitim mišićnim grupama, za desnu ruku 0,5922 i za levu 0,5829 (Dopsaj et al, 2009). Važnost procene stope maksimalnog razvoja sile leži u činjenici da je vreme potrebno za dostizanje specifičnog nivoa razvoja sile ponekad veoma značajno u pogledu pola.…”

“…Polni dimorfizam u površini poprečnog preseka mišića (ektenzori nogu -25% manje nego kod žena), u strukturi mišića, arhitekturi mišića, odnosu dužine vlakana i površine fiziološkog poprečnog preseka (površina vlakana tipa II, 7700 do 4040 µm2), faktori su razlika u brzini nervne aktivacije mišića, razlika u masi skeletnih mišića (33,0 do 21,0 kg, 38,4 do 30,6%) i statistički značajna korelacija mišićne sile i poprečnog preseka mišićne površine ekstenzora nogu su faktori koji utiču na niži nivo mišićne sile u ženskom subuzorku u odnosu na muški (Miller et al, 1993;Aagaard et al, 2002). Međutim, veliki broj autora (Komi & Karlsson, 1978;Hakkinen, 1991;Dopsaj et al, 2009;Janssen et al, 2000) sugeriše da su razlike dobijene u izmerenim vrednostima maksimalne izometrijske sile različitih mišićnih grupa i kod dr. fizičke sposobnosti -maksimalna snaga, izdržlјivost itd., ne mogu se objasniti samo na osnovu polnih razlika, već na osnovu ukupnog intenziteta i obima i/ili vrste treninga za razvoj sile i snage u toku trenažnog procesa, i kako takvi su faktori koji zaslužuju posebnu pažnju u radu sa sportistima. Autori su zaklјučili da se dobijene razlike u izmerenim vrednostima mišićne sile i u površini poprečnog preseka mišića ekstenzora nogu između testirane obučene i neobučene populacije mogu objasniti razlikama u mišićnom tkivu i maksimalnoj nervnoj aktivaciji mišića tokom specifičnog treninga, odnosno adaptaciji na specifičan trening.…”