Summary The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an adapted basketball training program on the cardiorespiratory fitness and sport skills performance of adolescents with mental retardation (MR). Fifty adolescents with mild MR who participated in this study were divided in two groups. Experimental group (n = 25; mean ± SD age: 15.7 ± 0.9 years) performed the adapted training program, four times per week during eight weeks. A control group (n = 25; mean ± SD age: 15.9 ± 0.8 years) followed ordinary physical education classes and continued with their normal lifestyle. Exercise testing included the six-minute walk test (6MWT), monitoring of heart rate frequency and sport skills performance test battery. Results showed a significant difference between groups pre- and post-treatment in 6MWT distance. The experimental group experienced a 10% increase in covered distance pre- to post-testing (p < 0.05), whereas controls had no significant changes in the same period. Conducted adapted training also resulted in significant improvement in examined sport skills performance. However, this kind and duration of experimental procedure did not result in significant differences in anthropometric variables and heart rate frequency. This study demonstrated that adapted basketball training is an adequate stimulus for improvement in cardiorespiratory fitness and sport skills performance of adolescents with mild MR. The advantage of this type of adaptive training program is that it does not require a large financial input, but only the engagement of a qualified and dedicated physical education professor.
This study was done with the aim of determining the effects a programmed training would have on the changes in the explosive strength of young female volleyball players. The sample consisted of 30 female volleyball players, aged 14 to 16, divided into two groups – the experimental one (n=15) and the control group (n=15). The experimental group was comprised of the players from the club OK ‘Desetka’, who, apart from the basic technical and tactical training process, underwent a specially designed programme for developing explosive strength two times a week (on Tuesdays and Thursdays). The experimental programme was applied during the period of preparations before the official beginning of the regional competitions for cadets. The control group was comprised of the players from the club OK ‘Millennium’, who, during the same period of time, underwent only those training sessions which had previously been planned within the annual plan and programme of the club. Explosive strength evaluation included four sets of tests: the squat jump (SJ), countermowement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), one-legged CMJ (OLCMJ). The effects of the progremmed training on the development of the explosive strength of the young female volleyball players was determined by the Covariance Analysis, ANCOVA. The results obtained in such a way showed the statistically significant improvement in the parameters tested within the experimental group. The difference was insignificant in the OLCMJ test only. The results point to the conclusion that the experimental training programme had positive effects on the changes of explosive strength of young female volleyball players.
The aim of this work is to present and analyse the handball literature on the causes of injuries, types of injuries and their anatomic locations, as well as the prevention measurements. Based on the results of the analysed studies, it can be concluded that there is a significant number of injuries, of different body parts and of different severity in top-level handball players. Overuse injuries (to certain body parts, such as the more dominant shoulder, the ankle and the knee) are considered to be most prominent. In order to prevent the injuries to the mouth and teeth, the use of mouthguard is recommended. When it comes to the prevention and rehabilitation of shoulder injuries, the research results have shown positive effects that the training aiming at the increase of the inner rotation of the glenohumeral strength, the outer rotation strength and the scapular muscles strength has along with the exercises for improving the kinetic chain and the chest flexibility. The use of elastic bands and the medicine ball has proven efficient in increasing the shoulder area strength, and the whole swing and throw movement. The ankle and the knee are the most frequently injured joints among female handball players. The results of the application of the neuromuscular training, the proprioception and the balance exercises, combined with some specific players’ activities (running, jumping and planting) show that such training process is efficient in the prevention of injuries to ankle and knee joints.
The aim of this research was to define differences in functional and mechanical characteristics of isometric hand grip (HG) strength between young female handball players and the CG comprised of physically active girls with no experience in sport. 70 individuals participated in the research, 36 of whom were the best young female handball players (of cadet and junior categories) while 34 girls comprised the CG. The results obtained show that the young female handball players who took part in the tests achieved Fmax at the levels from 306.4±40.8 to 335.5±47.0 N and RFDmax at the levels ranging from 1918.1±366.8 to 2174.4±382.1 N/s for the non-dominant and dominant hand. When these results are compared to the ones achieved by the CG it is clear that the young female handball players had a statistically significant higher level of the maximum HG force of both arms as well as the higher level of maximum explosiveness. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding all the indexes of dimorphism (ID) as well as the values of the time needed for achieving the maximum intensity of muscle excitation (tRFDmax). Therefore, it can be concluded that the handball players who underwent the testing procedures showed positive adaptation from the aspect of the mechanical characteristics of hand grip strength, which can most likely be ascribed to the phenomenon of biological adaptation to the training stimuli characteristic for handball. However, the same influence was not detected from the aspect of functional characteristics, more precisely, dimorphism.
Basketball is a sports game which consists of rapid changes in direction of movement, sudden stopping and starting for driving and dribbling and a great number of jumps. The various positions on a basketball team precisely determine the requirements for specific forms of movement, even though contemporary basketball strives for all players in all positions to possess the aforementioned abilities. A sample of 15 male basketball players, divided into three groups of five players each, based on their positions on the team, including the guard, forward and center position, was used to determine differences in agility (Agility T Test, Hexagon Agility Тest, Illinois Agility Test и Lane Agility Drill) and explosive power (the Squat jump, Countermovement Jump, Drop Jump and One-legged Counter Movement Jump). To determine the differences between the basketball players in relation to their positions on the team, the ANOVA analysis for independent samples was used as was a post-hoc analysis. The research results have indicated that there is a difference between the guard position compared to the forward and center position.
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