Swimming tests are used in every training cycle and seasons with purpose of estimating swimming performance and evaluate certain training types. Th e focus of this study is an attempt to distinguish between the potential short-distance and longer-distance swimmers, as well as the swimmers who could have desirable profi les for particular swimming styles. For this purpose, several aims are given: () to determine the latent dimensions of the performances in swimming tests, conducted on various distances and performed using diff erent swimming styles; 2) to determine the correlations between speeds on various distances using diff erent swimming styles; 3) to determine the diff erences in various distance speeds at the same swimmers ; 4) to determine the profi les of swimmers, based on the various distance speeds (4). Male swimmers (N=68), aged 14 to 16 from fi ve Zagreb clubs were tested. Four swimming tests were used to measure speed (25-m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfl y), fi ve swimming tests measured speed endurance (50-m freestyle, 100-m freestyle, backstroke, breaststroke, butterfl y), while only one test measured endurance (800-m freestyle). Th e results revealed two interpretable and highly reliable latent dimensions of swimming tests. Factor analysis of the scores in swimming tests diff erentiated the variables of swimming tests that describe breaststrokes and other strokes. Most of the scores in the swimming tests are positively correlated (in range 0.25-0.85), while no diff erences in various distance speeds among the same swimmers are found. Th e results indicate the importance of using swimming tests, especially in breaststrokes styles, because of their specifi c motor structure.
Development of aerobic capacity and endurance is important part of basic period in swimming training for age groups. The focus of this study was monitoring the progress of a group of 17 male swimmers, aged between 12 to 14 from HAPK Mladost, Zagreb. They were tested throughout basic period over 3 consecutive years (2016-2018). For this purpose, the training effects were measured by three tests: speed (25 m freestyle), speed endurance (6x50 m freestyle) and endurance (1500 m freestyle). Initial testing was performed after 2 weeks of adaptation while final testing was completed in the 12th week of each of basic period through all tree years. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the effects of the basic period. T-test showed statistically significant positive outcomes in all test results during 3 years of basic training (12 weeks per year). As a conclusion progress of the speed test was found increased with each year while progress of the remaining two tests decreased with each additional year. Swimmers that were measured in this research have won first place at National championship. As a result, the existing training plan for the age group was concluded to be used further. This research provided guidelines for further planning of swimming training.
The goal of this study was to define the individual model characteristics of lactic acid removal after 200m breaststroke competitive load in a female swimmer in relation to different pool lengths (25m vs. 50m). The second goal was methodological and referred to the presentation of newly applied metrological procedures for the Individual Lactate Recovery Profile modeling. Six races from the competitive season 2021/22 were selected, in which the athlete achieved the most valuable results in relation to the FINA score. To establish the metabolic response of the organism to the competition effort, the method of determining the level of lactate concentration in capillary blood (La in mmol/L) was used. Differences between the mean values of variables were established using ANOVA. The polynomial curve equation function was used to create a blood lactate concentration in a function of recovery time model (La-trecovery). The ANOVA showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the monitored variables and the pool length function (p=.097). The maximum achieved blood lactate concentration in the acute race recovery phase was 13.17 ± 2.81 and 12.08 ± 1.80 mmol/L and the given concentration initially occurred in the time of 240.0 ± 85.6 s and 169.3 ± 79.9 s in the 25 and 50m pool, respectively. In relation to the time of complete passive recovery required to establish acidosis at the level of 2 mmol/L (25 and 50m pool) occurred in 1191.7 ± 481.3 s and 1326.7 ± 405.1 s, while the full index of intensity of blood lactate clearance was 135.7 ± 60.7 s/mmol/L and 124.0 ± 60.7 s/mmol/L for 25m and 50m pool, respectively. Although no statistically significant difference was found between the parameters of recovery in relation to pool length, the offered mathematical models enabled a practical individual approach to controlling the specific adaptation to training for achieving a higher competitive level performance.
The need to determine the factors that positively or negatively affect the acquisition of swimming knowledge arose with the development of various swimming programs. The aim of this research was to determine the connection between the level of anxiety and success in the process of motor learning in swimming training program for non-swimmers. A sample of 77 children, aged (11.00±0.71), participated in a swimming training program for non-swimmers for 20 hours according to the standard method used in the Republic of Croatia. In the first and last lesson, the swimming knowledge was determined by means of a scale of eleven grades that describe the level of acquisition of swimming knowledge. Level of anxiety was assessed by modified CSAI-2CSWIM anxiety level questionnaire. Correlation analysis determined that the level of anxiety has a significant negative correlation with performance in all three observed domains, cognitive anxiety -0.273 and -2.46, somatic anxiety -0.384 and -0.337 and self-confidence -0.420 and -0.308 with results on the final test and with progress in swimming learning. The results of the conducted research showed that the level of anxiety has a significant influence on the children’s swimming learning process.
SUMMARY A sample consisting of 562 schoolgirls and schoolboys attending seventh and eighth grades (261 girls and 301 boys) was used to determine the relationship between self-evaluation of motor and functional abilities and the actual results achieved by female and male students, as well as the difference in self-evaluation attributable to gender. The study included tests analyzing speed, strength, coordination, flexibility and endurance which are also regularly evaluated during Physical Education classes. Male students showed a significant ability in realistically evaluating their own abilities, with the gender difference with regard to the ability of self-evaluation also being significant. Examinees demonstrated a high level of aptitude in self-evaluating their own potentials, whereas female students achieved a higher level of precision in predicting flexibility and coordination. Both boys and girls demonstrated poor ability in self-evaluating static strength. The authors hereby recommend that mentioned method be regularly implemented in Physical Education classes so as to facilitate and expedite objective distinguishing of students’ anthropological status, as well as to motivate students to engage in regular kinesiological activities. Keywords: anthropological characteristics, assessment, questionnaire, students----SAŽETAK Na uzorku od 562 učenica i učenika sedmih i osmih razreda (261 učenice i 301 učenik) cilj je bio utvrditi relacije između samoprocjene motoričkih i funkcionalnih sposobnosti i stvarnih rezultata učenica i učenika te razlike među spolovima u samoprocjeni. U istraživanju su obuhvaćeni testovi brzine, snage, koordinacije, fleksibilnosti i izdržljivosti koji se redovito procjenjuju u nastavi tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture. Kod učenika evidentna je visoka sposobnost realne procjene vlastitih mogućnosti, ali i značajna razlika među spolovima u sposobnosti samoprocjene. Ispitanici su pokazali dobru samoprocjenu svojih potencijal s tom razlikom da su učenice postigle veću točnost u predviđanju ocjena fleksibilnosti i koordinacije. I jedni i drugi su pokazali nisku sposobnost u samoprocjeni statičke snage. Preporuka je autora da se navedena metoda redovito implementira u nastavu tjelesne i zdravstvene kulture kako bi se olakšalo i ubrzalo objektivno razlučivanje antropološkog statusa učenika i potaklo ih se na redovitu kineziološku aktivnost. Ključne riječi: učenici, upitnik, ocjenjivanje, antropološka obilježja
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