Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments

Witmer, Bob G.; Singer, Michael F.

doi:10.21236/ada286183

Cited by 95 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 11 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…Related to this is the issue of a lack of standardization of items included in various rating scales. Several questionnaires have been proposed and used (e.g., Ditton, 1997;Lessiter, Freeman, Keogh, & Davidoff, 2000;Lombard et al, 2000;Witmer & Singer, 1994), but the items presented are rarely the same. Consequently, it is difficult to make comparisons of results across research studies using different measures.…”

Section: Subjective Measures Of Telepresencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each item on the PQ is subjectively scored on a scale from 1 to 7 (with 1 being the lowest rating for the majority of items). A composite score was calculated on the basis of the ratings, and higher scores are considered to indicate increased telepresence (Witmer & Singer, 1994).…”

Section: Response Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PQ is typically used in conjunction with the Immersive Tendencies Questionnaire (IQ), also developed by Witmer and Singer (1994). The IQ is intended to serve as a measure of susceptibility to, or predisposition toward, immersion in virtual tasks.…”

Section: Response Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The IQ is intended to serve as a measure of susceptibility to, or predisposition toward, immersion in virtual tasks. Like the PQ, each question on the IQ is scored on a 7-point scale, with higher scores indicating an increased tendency toward immersion (Witmer & Singer, 1994). Scores for each item were combined to yield a composite IQ score.…”

Section: Response Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, technological factors such as stereoscopic visual cues in synthetic environment interfaces (Hendrix & Barfield, 1996), system response latency to control actions at an interface (Ellis, Dorighi, Menges, Adelstein, & Jacoby, 1997), and display type (Deisinger, Cruz-Neira, Reidel, & Symanzik, 1997) are hypothesized to affect a user's sense of association with a remote environment. Psychological/cognitive factors such as user motivation and ability to concentrate (Psotka & Davison, 1993) and susceptibility to immersion (Witmer & Singer, 1994) are suspected to be critical to experiences of telepresence. Task factors such as length of exposure (Stanney et al, 1998), difficulty/complexity (Draper, Kaber, & Usher, 1998;Sheridan, 1992), and level of automation (Sheridan, 1992) also are thought to influence telepresence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Situation awareness and attention allocation measures for quantifying telepresence experiences in teleoperation

Riley

Kaber

Draper

2003

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

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This study assessed the utility of measures of situation awareness (SA) and attention allocation for quantifying telepresence, the sense of being present at a remote site, in a teleoperation task scenario. Attention and SA have been identified as cognitive constructs potentially underlying telepresence. The motivation for this research was to establish an objective measure of telepresence and investigate the relationship between telepresence and teleoperation performance. Twenty-four research participants performed a virtual ordnance disposal task at varying levels of difficulty (LODs). The task involved locating, identifying, and disposing of virtual land mines in an outdoor environment using a simulated remote-control rover with a robotic arm. Performance, SA, and attention allocation were recorded along with subjective assessments of telepresence. Results demonstrated LOD effects on performance and telepresence. Regression analysis revealed LOD and attention to explain significant portions of the variance in telepresence. Results of the study provide further evidence that telepresence may share a relationship with performance, and that cognitive constructs, such as attention and SA, may serve as alternative, objective measures of telepresence.

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Section: Subjective Measures Of Telepresencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Response Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Response Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Response Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Situation awareness and attention allocation measures for quantifying telepresence experiences in teleoperation

Riley

Kaber

Draper

2003

Hum Ftrs & Erg Mfg Svc

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Virtual Worlds

Saunders

Rutkowski

2015

Wiley Encyclopedia of Management

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This article describes virtual worlds ( VW s) and a theory of virtual space and place ( VSP ) that explains the basic elements of VWs. VSP theory may thus be used to explain how individuals can work more effectively in virtual three‐dimensional spaces. It links the concepts of space, place, and presence and seeks to understand the relationships among them. A common thread binding these three objects is the movement of objects across a range of directions. In this article, we define the three key concepts in VSP: space, place, and presence. We present a research model to illustrate how they are interrelated in seemingly three‐dimensional worlds. We conclude with descriptions of a test of the theory and the theory's contributions.

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Hippocampal contributions to neurocognitive mapping in humans: A new model

et al. 2005

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The ability of an organism to develop, maintain, and act upon an abstracted internal representation of spatially extensive environments can provide an increased chance in ensuring that organism's survival. Here, we propose a neurocognitive model of spatial representation describing how several different processes interact and segregate the differing types of information used to produce a unified cognitive map. This model proposes that view-based egocentric and vestibulomotor translational information are functionally and anatomically separate, and that these parallel systems result in independent, but interacting, models within a neurocognitive map of space. In this context, we selectively review relevant portions of the large literature, addressing the establishment and operation of such spatial constructs in humans and the brain systems that underpin them, with particular reference to the hippocampal formation (HF). We present a reinterpretation of the types of knowledge used in the formation of this spatial construct, the processes that act upon this information, the nature of the final spatial representation, and describe how these universal concepts relate to the proposed model of spatial processing. The relevant experimental paradigms used to examine the neural basis of spatial representation and the main findings from previous research are also briefly presented. Finally, we detail a series of testable theoretical, behavioral, and anatomical predictions made by the model.

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Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments

Cited by 95 publications

References 11 publications

Situation awareness and attention allocation measures for quantifying telepresence experiences in teleoperation

Situation awareness and attention allocation measures for quantifying telepresence experiences in teleoperation

Virtual Worlds

Hippocampal contributions to neurocognitive mapping in humans: A new model

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