Measuring, modelling and testing ozone exposure, flux and effects on vegetation in southern European conditions—What does not work? A review from Italy

Ferretti, Marco; Fagnano, Massimo; Amoriello, Tiziana; Badiani, Maurizio; Ballarin-Denti, A.; Buffoni, A.; Bussotti, Filippo; Castagna, Antonella; Cieslik, S.; Costantini, A.; Marco, Alessandra De; Gerosa, Giacomo; Lorenzini, Giacomo; Manes, Fausto; Merola, G.; Nali, Cristina; Paoletti, Elena; Petriccione, Bruno; Racalbuto, S.; Rana, Gianfranco; Ranieri, Annamaria; Tagliaferri, Antonio; Vialetto, G.; Vitale, Marcello

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.012

Cited by 68 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Moreover, after verification of symptoms by the Ozone Validation Centre for Central Europe (Gün-thardt-Goerg & Menard 2008), visible injury was confirmed as O3-induced on the leaves of only two species, Fagus sylvatica and Rubus idaeus (Hůnová et al 2011). This is in agreement with earlier reports from many other authors (e.g., Ferretti et al 2007, Matyssek et al 2007, Waldner et al 2007, Baumgarten et al 2009, Bussotti & Ferretti 2009, that the O3 exposure is rather inconsistent with observed ozone injury. Moreover, the assumption that higher ambient O3 exposure results in higher contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) as a product of lipid peroxidation in Picea abies needles was not supported by a study in real forest stands of three Czech mountain areas -the Krkonose, Krusne hory and Jizerske hory Mts.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Ambient ozone phytotoxic potential over the Czech forests as assessed by AOT40

Hůnová¹,

Schreiberová²

2012

iForest

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© iForest -Biogeosciences and Forestry IntroductionAmbient ozone (O3) has been a widely studied air pollutant for many years due to its potential toxicity for all living organisms (Felzer et al. 2007, Cape 2008, Iriti & Faoro 2008. It is an important gas playing a key role in atmospheric chemistry (Seinfeldt & Pandis 1998). It contributes to the oxidative power of atmosphere which is essential for scavenging many pollutants from the air. Moreover, due to its absorption-radiation abilities, O3 is an important greenhouse gas (Singh & Fabian 2003, IPCC 2007. There are important mutual interactions between O3 and climate change (Isaksen 2003), which are not fully understood yet. The urgent need to address the knowledge gaps in interactions between air pollution, climate change and forests has been recently stressed (Serengil et al. 2011, Matyssek et al. 2012.Ozone represents one of the most prominent air pollution problems in Europe (De Leeuw & De Paus 2001, EEA 2010. Environmental O3 quality standards are exceeded over vast areas of Europe (Horálek et al. , 2009). Due to its phytotoxicity, O3 is still considered to be the most important air pollutant for forests (Paoletti et al. 2010). Due to the fact that O3 is a secondary pollutant formed from precursors during complex photochemical reactions and to the highly non-linear nature of O3 chemistry, it is and will be very difficult to decrease its ambient concentrations (Seinfeldt & Pandis 1998).Comparison of O3 levels with those measured a century ago indicates that current levels have increased by approximately two times. European measurements between 1850 and 1900 were found to be in the range of 17-23 ppb (Bojkov 1986). Modern day annual average background O3 concentrations over the mid-latitudes of the northern Hemisphere range between approximately 20-45 ppb, with variability influenced by geographic location, altitude and extent of anthropogenic impacts (Vingarzan 2004). Generally, three types of patterns in ambient O3 have been apparent recently: (1) an increase in the extent of O3 impact and the forest areas at risk; (2) a decrease in maximum 1-h O3 concentrations, at least in the northern hemisphere countries which have introduced O3 precursor control programs; and (3) an increase in background O3 concentrations over much of the world (Percy et al. 2003). It is not an easy task to assess the time trends of O3: the inter-annual variability is fairly high, so that long time series, which mostly are not available (Jonson et al. 2006), are needed to detect trends.In the Czech Republic (CR), ambient air pollution has been perceived as a major environmental problem since the 1950s, particularly due to extremely high emissions of SO2 and particulate matter from large powergenerating sources (Moldan & Schnoor 1992). Pollution in the form of surface O3 was recognized as an issue as late as in the 1990s. Its levels are regularly measured within the framework of a national ambient air quality network run by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute (CHMI) since 1993. Fro...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Ambient ozone phytotoxic potential over the Czech forests as assessed by AOT40

Hůnová¹,

Schreiberová²

2012

iForest

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“…This change from the assessment by exposure basis to that by flux basis is reasonable because the main impact was induced by the O 3 that enters the plants' leaves through the stomata (Reich 1987). The stomatal uptake of O 3 reduces under dry conditions such as the summer of the Mediterranean region, whereas (Ferretti et al 2007). On the other hand, the O 3 uptake of the trees grown in northern latitudes of Europe becomes high due to high air humidity and long days even the O 3 concentration is relatively low (Simpson et al 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Risk assessment of ozone impact on the carbon absorption of Japanese representative conifers

et al. 2009

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A risk assessment of ozone (O3) impact on the annual carbon absorption (ACA) of Japanese representative conifers was conducted based on the results of an experimental study, monitoring data of oxidant concentrations and vegetation surveys. The areas with high O3-induced reduction in ACA did not necessarily correspond to the areas with relatively high O3-exposure. Widespread distribution of O3-sensitive tree species such as Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi, and high ACA were important factors that induced a high risk of O3 impact on the ACA. Therefore, we concluded that not only the accumulated O3-exposure but also the variety of tree habitat, the tree sensitivity to O3 and the ACA among the tree species must be taken into account to assess the risk of O3 impact on the ACA of Japanese conifers. The O3-induced reduction in the total ACA of the three tree species in Japan was estimated to be 0.8%

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“…Also consistently, in a previous study on winter wheat, the flux approach was no better in predicting O 3 impacts on wheat yield than was the AOT40 index (González-Fernández et al, 2010). Thus, although the flux-based approach is scientifically sounder, under not limiting water conditions a concentration-based approach is very useful for many purposes, including routine monitoring (Ferretti et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%