The condition was evaluated of tissues of declining young spruce stands in selected localities of the Orlické hory Mts. It refers to stands occurring in top parts affected by an air pollution disaster in the last century. Several types of damage of a different symptomatic character were distinguished. A high NO x input appears to be the risk factor of spruce dieback in the Orlické hory Mts. One of the main causes in the complex of factors is the unbalanced cause of meteorological factors during the year and unbalance in mineral nutrition. The result is decrease in lignification, imma-turity of tissues before the winter period and increased susceptibility of damaged tissues to parasites. Several potentially pathogenic species of micromycetes have been identified which can be considered to be significant pathogenic agents in case of declining spruce in the Orlické hory Mts., however, not a main cause. Fytopatologické a histologické aspekty chřadnutí smrku v Orlických horách M. ČERMÁK, M. MARTINKOVÁ, D. PALOVČÍKOVÁ, L. JANKOVSKÝ Lesnická a dřevařská fakulta, Mendelova zemědělská a lesnická univerzita v Brně, Brno, Česká republika ABSTRAKT: Hodnotili jsme stav pletiv chřadnoucích mladých smrčin na vybraných lokalitách Orlických hor. Jedná se o porosty ve vrcholových partiích, které byly postiženy imisně ekologickou kalamitou v minulém století. Bylo rozlišeno několik typů poškození s odlišným symptomatickým obrazem. Rizikovým faktorem chřadnutí smrku v Orlických horách je vysoký vstup dusíku NO x. Za jednu z hlavních příčin v komplexu faktorů je možné označit nevyrovnaný průběh meteorolo-gických prvků během roku a disbalanci minerální výživy. Důsledkem je snížená lignifikace, nevyzrálost pletiv před zimním obdobím, zvýšená vnímavost poškozených pletiv vůči parazitickým organismům. Bylo identifikováno několik potenciálně patogenních druhů mikromycet, které mohou být považovány za významný patogenní agens v případě chřadnutí smrku v Orlických horách, nikoli však za hlavní příčinu.
Based on an analysis of related core papers and reports, this review presents a historical perspective on ambient air pollution and ambient air quality development in the modern-day Czech Republic (CR) over the past seven decades, i.e., from the 1950s to the present. It offers insights into major air pollution problems, reveals the main hot spots and problematic regions and indicates the principal air pollutants in the CR. Air pollution is not presented as a stand-alone problem, but in the wider context of air pollution impacts both on human health and the environment in the CR. The review is arranged into three main parts: (1) the time period until the Velvet Revolution of 1989, (2) the transition period of the 1990s and (3) the modern period after 2000. Obviously, a major improvement in ambient air quality has been achieved since the 1970s and 1980s, when air pollution in the former Czechoslovakia culminated. Nevertheless, new challenges including fine aerosol, benzo[a]pyrene and ground-level ozone, of which the limit values are still vastly exceeded, have emerged. Furthermore, in spite of a significant reduction in overall emissions, the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen, in particular, remains high in some regions.
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