Measurements of the longitudinal and lateral development of electromagnetic cascades in lead, copper and aluminum at 6 GeV

Bathow, G.; Freytag, E.; Köbberling, M.; Tesch, K.; Kajikawa, R.

doi:10.1016/0550-3213(70)90389-5

Cited by 37 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Common disadvantages are limited range of linearity, perturbation of the shower by the detector itself and difficulty achieving adequate statistical weight. Two experiments performed in 1969-1970 [9,10], specifically to characterize electromagnetic showers in several materials, are particularly suitable for benchmarking because they measured deposited energy to large radii and depths. They used small detectors with good spatial resolution that perturbed the shower to a minimal extent, and controlled the beam in order to keep the detectors in a verifiably linear range.…”

Section: Experimental Measurements Of Electromagnetic Showersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An investigation of shower energy deposition by 6 GeV electrons [10] was carried out using silver phosphate glass dosimeters, 1 mm diameter by 6 mm long. It was shown that relative errors in dose measurements between samples were less than 5%.…”

Section: Description Of the Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EGS4 has also been used in such simulation code systems as LAHET [5], GHEISHA [6], CALOR [7] and HERMES [8]. Despite the widespread use of shower simulation codes, there are relatively few formal reports in the literature specific to the comparison between experiment and simulations, especially in the range 1 GeV and above [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of EGS5 simulations with experiment

Nelson

Field

2007

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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Simulations, made using EGS5, of the longitudinal and radial distributions of energy deposition of electrons of various energies are compared with experimental results in the literature. Energies and materials are: 1 GeV in water and aluminum; 6 GeV in aluminum, copper and lead; and (longitudinal only) 28.5 GeV in alumina (Al 2 O 3 ). There is general agreement within a few percent over most of the shower profile. Substantial discrepancies are noted at depths far beyond shower maximum, reaching ∼30 -50% in the cases of lead and copper at 6 GeV. .

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Section: Experimental Measurements Of Electromagnetic Showersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Description Of the Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparison of EGS5 simulations with experiment

Nelson

Field

2007

Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A:

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“…These studies confirmed that there was good theoretical understanding of these processes (67). Photon spectra at .accelerators up to now have not been measured, but a [3--y spectrometer and a Nai(Tl) anticoincidence -y-ray spectrometer have been used to measure dose rate for space missions (68,69).…”

Section: B Electron Acceleratorsmentioning

confidence: 61%

The Radiation Environment of High-Energy Accelerators

Rindi¹,

Thomas²

1973

Annu. Rev. Nucl. Sci.

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“…On average, a cylinder with radius R M contains 90% of the total deposited energy; a cylinder with radius 3.5R M contains 99% [177]. In the transverse direction, the edge of a shower block is only about 1.6R M from its center; for this reason, our analysis groups neighboring blocks into clusters, which catch more of the cascade.…”

Section: Preshower and Showermentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of the Double-Spin Asymmetry A<sub>1</sub> on Helium-3: Toward a Precise Measurement of the Neutron A<sub>1</sub>

Parno

2011

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The spin structure of protons and neutrons has been an open question for nearly twenty-five years, after surprising experimental results disproved the simple model in which valence quarks were responsible for nearly 100% of the nucleon spin. Diverse theoretical approaches have been brought to bear on the problem, but a shortage of precise data -especially on neutron spin structure -has prevented a thorough understanding.Experiment E06-014, conducted in Hall A of Jefferson Laboratory in 2009, presented an opportunity to add to the world data set for the neutron in the poorly covered valence-quark region. Jefferson Laboratory's highly polarized electron beam, combined with Hall A's facilities for a high-density, highly polarized 3 He target, allowed a high-luminosity double-polarized experiment, while the large acceptance of the BigBite spectrometer gave coverage over a wide kinematic range: 0.15 < x < 0.95. In this work, we present the analysis of a portion of the E06-014 data, measured with an incident beam energy of 4.74 GeV and spanning 1.5 < Q 2 < 5.5 (GeV/c) 2 . From these data, we extract the longitudinal asymmetry in virtual photon-nucleon scattering, A 1 , on the 3 He nucleus. Combined with the remaining E06-014 data, this will form the basis of a measurement of the neutron asymmetry A n 1 that will extend the kinematic range of the data available to test models of spin-dependent parton distributions in the nucleon. AcknowledgmentsNo one in this age can earn a physics PhD based solely on her own work and study; the making of a doctor, like the making of a modern particle-physics experiment, requires the goodwill and support of many. In my own life and studies, I have been profoundly blessed by the presence of my family, friends, and colleagues. It is traditional to thank these wonderful people in these pages, as though words were enough. They aren't, but they are a start.My parents, Christine Marwick and Richard Seymour, brought me up to have both a deep curiosity about the world and the work ethic I needed to answer my own questions. The love of language my mother gave me made writing this dissertation far less painful than it might have been; my father urged me to take my first voluntary science course and then kindly refrained from saying "I told you so" at the sudden fascination with physics that resulted. My not-so-little brother, Matthew, kept me honest with everything I did.The love and support of my extended family has been invaluable. My grandparents, Bob and Dolores Marwick, generously funded my undergraduate education. They and my aunts, uncles, and assorted cousins, scattered around the continent, taught me that I could find something of home wherever I am. To Rob and Ann Marwick, Mike and Monica Marwick, Lorrie Marwick and Guy Marsh, Nancy and Don DeMuth, and Josephine Marwick, thank you for the delicious meals, the fascinating conversations and your willingness to talk physics. To my beloved cousins, thank you for everything. Growing up, I was also lucky to enjoy the love of many peo...

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Measurements of the longitudinal and lateral development of electromagnetic cascades in lead, copper and aluminum at 6 GeV

Cited by 37 publications

References 10 publications

Comparison of EGS5 simulations with experiment

Comparison of EGS5 simulations with experiment

The Radiation Environment of High-Energy Accelerators

Measurements of the Double-Spin Asymmetry A<sub>1</sub> on Helium-3: Toward a Precise Measurement of the Neutron A<sub>1</sub>

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