Meal induced gut hormone secretion is altered in aerobically trained compared to sedentary young healthy males

Abstract

Postprandial insulin release is lower in healthy aerobically trained (T) compared to untrained (UT) individuals. This may be mediated by a lower release of the two incretin hormones [glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP)] in T. The aim of this study was to assess and compare gut hormone response and satiety changes after a liquid meal intake in young, healthy T and UT males. Postprandial gut hormone release and subjective feelings of hunger, satiety, fullness and prospective food consumption were assessed before and frequently for the following 3 h after a 200 ml liquid meal (1,260 kJ and 27, 41 and 32 energy % as protein, carbohydrates and fat, respectively) in ten T and ten UT young, healthy male subjects. The insulin and GIP responses were markedly lower in T than UT and correlated during the first 30 min after the liquid meal. Baseline GLP-1 concentration was higher in T versus UT, but the response in the following 3 h after a liquid meal was similar in T and UT. Satiety measures did not differ between groups throughout the test. It is possible that in aerobically T subjects, a lower GIP release is partly responsible for a lower postprandial incretin stimulated insulin secretion.

Does Habitual Physical Activity Increase the Sensitivity of the Appetite Control System? A Systematic Review

“…Physical activity status was determined by self-report (a physical activity questionnaire, physical activity level question or physical activity recall) in 11 studies [19, 26, 28–30, 32, 33, 37], by a VO 2max test in three studies [25, 27, 34] or from total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and resting energy expenditure or basal metabolic rate (BMR) in three studies [31, 35, 36]. Only three studies used a combination of self-reported and objectively measured physical activity status [25, 35, 36].…”

“…The active groups were defined as participating in moderate to vigorous physical activity for at least 150 min/week [33, 35–37], 4 h/week [30], 5 h/week with a VO 2max greater than 45 mL/kg/min [27], 3 days/week with a VO 2max greater than 60 mL/kg/min [34], 4 days/week and >2500 kcal/week with a VO 2max above average for age [25], or 1000 kcal/week [26]. A TDEE/BMR value between 1.70 and 1.99 was utilized in two studies [35, 36].…”

Acute and Chronic Effects of Exercise on Appetite, Energy Intake and Appetite-Related Hormones: the Modulating Effect of Adiposity, Sex and Habitual Physical Activity

“…A challenge of these studies is distinguishing the individual impact of self-reported physical activity and objectively measured aerobic fitness on these variables as both are inexorably linked. This is pertinent to other studies discussed in this review as all studies that measured VȮ2 peak alongside self-reported habitual physical activity demonstrate that individuals with greater levels of habitual physical activity have higher aerobic fitness levels [35,85,100,[107][108][109]113,116]. Further studies are also needed to verify findings using objective measures of physical activity.…”

“…The authors reported that concentrations of fasting acylated ghrelin and GLP-1 were elevated in the active group compared with the inactive group, while the active group also showed higher concentrations of GLP-1 in the postprandial state [116]. In contrast, total PYY and PP were not statistically different between training groups, though it is possible these null findings were due to insufficient statistical power [116]. Another study also demonstrated that plasma levels of insulin were lower in individuals who exercised for a minimum of 150 minutes a week for at least two years compared with inactive individuals [113].…”

“…In one example, Lund et al [116] studied the appetite-related hormone changes to a fixed liquid meal in a group of endurance-trained athletes who exercised more than three days a week over several years and a group of inactive individuals who had not exercised in the last six months. The authors reported that concentrations of fasting acylated ghrelin and GLP-1 were elevated in the active group compared with the inactive group, while the active group also showed higher concentrations of GLP-1 in the postprandial state [116]. In contrast, total PYY and PP were not statistically different between training groups, though it is possible these null findings were due to insufficient statistical power [116].…”