The effect of high‐intensity training (HIT) on mitochondrial ADP sensitivity and respiratory capacity was investigated in human skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Twelve men and women underwent 6 weeks of HIT (7 × 1 min at app. 100% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max)). Mitochondrial respiration was measured in permeabilized muscle fibers and in abdominal SAT. Mitochondrial ADP sensitivity was determined using Michaelis Menten enzyme kinetics. VO 2max, body composition and citrate synthase (CS) activity (skeletal muscle) and mtDNA (SAT) were measured before and after training. VO 2max increased from 2.6 ± 0.2 to 2.8 ± 0.2 L O2/min (P = 0.011) accompanied by a decreased mitochondrial ADP sensitivity in skeletal muscle (K m: 0.14 ± 0.02 to 0.29 ± 0.03 mmol/L ADP (P = 0.002)), with no changes in SAT (K m: 0.12 ± 0.02 to 0.16 ± 0.05 mmol/L ADP; P = 0.186), following training. Mitochondrial respiratory capacity increased in skeletal muscle from 57 ± 4 to 67 ± 4 pmol O2·mg−1·sec−1 (P < 0.001), but decreased with training in SAT from 1.3 ± 0.1 to 1.0 ± 0.1 pmol O2·mg−1·sec−1 (P < 0.001). CS activity increased (P = 0.027) and mtDNA was unchanged following training. Intrinsic mitochondrial respiratory capacity was unchanged in skeletal muscle, but increased in SAT after HIT. In summary, our results demonstrate that mitochondrial adaptations to HIT in skeletal muscle are comparable to adaptations to endurance training, with an increased mitochondrial respiratory capacity and CS activity. However, mitochondria in SAT adapts differently compared to skeletal muscle mitochondria, where mitochondrial respiratory capacity decreased and mtDNA remained unchanged after HIT.

Enhanced secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) seems to be essential for improved postprandial β-cell function after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) but is less studied after sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Moreover, the role of the other major incretin hormone, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), is relatively unexplored after bariatric surgery. We studied the effects of separate and combined GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and GIP receptor (GIPR) blockade during mixed meal tests in unoperated (CON), SG-operated, and RYGB-operated people with no history of diabetes. Postprandial GLP-1 concentrations were highest after RYGB but also higher after SG compared with CON. In contrast, postprandial GIP concentrations were lowest after RYGB. The effect of GLP-1R versus GIPR blockade differed between groups. GLP-1R blockade reduced β-cell glucose sensitivity and increased or tended to increase postprandial glucose responses in the surgical groups but had no effect in CON. GIPR blockade reduced β-cell glucose sensitivity and increased or tended to increase postprandial glucose responses in the CON and SG groups but had no effect in the RYGB group. Our results support that GIP is the most important incretin hormone in unoperated people, whereas GLP-1 and GIP are equally important after SG, and GLP-1 is the most important incretin hormone after RYGB.

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Introduction: Decreased fasting and oral glucose-stimulated incretin hormone concentrations following moderate-intensity continuous endurance training interventions have been reported in glucose-tolerant people, however results are conflicting. The effect of more time-efficient, very low-volume, high-intensity interval training (HIT) on circulating incretin hormone levels has never been studied. Materials and methods: Ten sedentary and overweight-to-obese participants (4 women and 6 men; age 43 ± 6 years (mean ± SD); BMI 30.2 ± 3.2 kg•m −2 ; HbA1c 35 ± 5.1 mmol•mol −1 (5.3 ± 0.3%); VO 2 max 30 ± 5 ml•min −1 •kg −1 ) from the Copenhagen cohort of the METAPREDICT trial underwent 6 weeks of supervised low-volume HIT (3 sessions per week: 7 × 1 min at ∼100% VO 2 max separated by 1 min of active recovery). We measured glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, GLP-1 and GIP concentrations during a frequently sampled 75 g oral glucose tolerance test as well as VO 2 max and body composition before and after the intervention. Results: Training compliance was 100%. Relative VO 2 max improved after the intervention (median 2.69 ml•min −1 •kg −1 , IQR [0.43; 3.14], p = 0.037) while there were no significant effects on body weight and composition. No significant effects on oral glucose-stimulated glucose and hormone responses or estimates of insulin sensitivity and β-cell function were observed. Conclusion: Low-volume HIT improved aerobic fitness, but neither affected glucose tolerance nor oral glucose-stimulated incretin hormone responses in sedentary and overweight-to-obese people. Highlights:. Ten sedentary, overweight-to-obese, glucose-tolerant participants underwent 6 weeks of supervised, very low-volume HIT. . Aerobic fitness improved.. Fasting and oral glucose-stimulated incretin hormone concentrations were not affected.