MAX phase Ti3AlC2 embedded in PVA and deposited onto D-shaped fiber as a passive Q-switcher for erbium-doped fiber laser

Passively Q‐switched Tm:YAP laser with a Ti3AlC2‐based saturable absorber

“…The Raman shifts with the wavenumbers of 286.2 cm −1 ( E g ), 664.7 cm −1 ( E 2g ), 738.0 cm −1 ( E 1g ), and 791.4 cm −1 ( A 1g ) were visible on the Raman spectra, corresponding to the Raman actively phonon vibration mode 31 . Two peaks, nearly cease with the wavenumbers of 1350.2 cm −1 (D) and 1552.2 cm −1 (G), which represent disordered carbon in the constituent of Ti 3 AlC 2 material 27 . Figure 1C shows the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Ti 3 AlC 2 material which was measured by using an X‐ray diffractometer (D/max‐2600/pc, Rigaku), corresponding to the familiar XRD pattern of the Ti 3 AlC 2 material 31 .…”

“…31 Two peaks, nearly cease with the wavenumbers of 1350.2 cm −1 (D) and 1552.2 cm −1 (G), which represent disordered carbon in the constituent of Ti 3 AlC 2 material. 27 Figure 1C shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the Ti 3 AlC 2 material which was measured by using an X-ray diffractometer (D/max-2600/pc, Rigaku), corresponding to the familiar XRD pattern of the Ti 3 AlC 2 material. 31 Figure 1D shows the experimental data of the optical nonlinearity from the Ti 3 AlC 2 -based SA which were measured by using a homemade test setup, and a modulation depth of 4.7%, a nonsaturable absorption of 8.2%, and a saturable intensity of 0.05 MW/cm 2 could be obtained by calculating the experimental data.…”

“…24,25 The Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase, one of MXenes, which exhibits some advantages, such as a fast opticalswitched capability, a high optical damage tolerance, a stronger oxidation resistance, and an excellent saturable absorption property, makes it a better SA compared with the other 2D materials. 26,27 Ahmad et al 26 successfully demonstrated a fiber laser with a new type of Ti 3 AlC 2 as a SA, and the generated pulse was centered at the wavelength of 1567.4 nm with the maximum pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and the shortest pulse width of 46.7 kHz and 0.99 μs, respectively. Jafry et al 28 proved a Ti 3 AlC 2 -based PML laser with a pulse width of 3.68 ps and a PRF of 1.887 MHz, and the central wavelength of the erbium-doped laser was 1557.8 nm.…”

“…Recently, a newly founded group of 2D materials, MXenes (ternary metal carbides/nitrides) have been extensively used as SAs for various PQS and passively mode‐locked (PML) lasers, such as 1, 1.5, and 2‐µm lasers 24,25 . The Ti 3 AlC 2 MAX phase, one of MXenes, which exhibits some advantages, such as a fast optical‐switched capability, a high optical damage tolerance, a stronger oxidation resistance, and an excellent saturable absorption property, makes it a better SA compared with the other 2D materials 26,27 . Ahmad et al 26 successfully demonstrated a fiber laser with a new type of Ti 3 AlC 2 as a SA, and the generated pulse was centered at the wavelength of 1567.4 nm with the maximum pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and the shortest pulse width of 46.7 kHz and 0.99 μs, respectively.…”

Q-switched EDF LASER Cavity using ITO as Saturable Absorber

“…The lasers emitting pulses have gained attention in a plethora of applications including material processing and telecommunication [1]. Passively generation of pulse lasers usually require a saturable absorber (SA) to achieve the pulsed operation [2][3][4]. At first, saturable absorbing mirrors on semiconductor (SESAMs) were discovered as a promising SAs which could achieve stable mode locked and Q switched pulses [5].…”