Materials of marine origin: a review on polymers and ceramics of biomedical interest

Abstract

Marine organisms are constituted by materials with a vast range of properties and characteristics that may justify their potential application within the biomedical field. Moreover, assuring the sustainable exploitation of natural marine resources, the valorisation of residues from marine origin, like those obtained from food processing, constitutes a highly interesting platform for development of novel biomaterials, with both economic and environmental benefits. In this perspective, an increasing number of different types of compounds are being isolated from aquatic organisms and transformed into profitable products for health applications, including controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering devices. This report reviews the work that is being developed on the isolation and characterisation of some polysaccharides, proteins, glycosaminoglycans and ceramics from marine raw materials. Emphasis is given to agar, alginates, carrageenans, chitin and chitosan, among other polysaccharides, collagen, glycosaminoglycans such as chondroitin sulphate, heparin and hyaluronic acid, calcium phosphorous compounds and biosilica. Finally, this report ends by reviewing the application of the previously mentioned materials on specific biomedical applications, in particular their participation on the development of controlled drug delivery systems and tissue engineering scaffolds.

Pharmacological, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and diagnostic applications of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae and bacteria

“…It has a cloud-like and spongy appearance in the solid state. The aqueous solubility depends on the degree of branching (Silva and Alves et al, 2012;Burgess et al, 2015;Ji et al, 2015;Kadam et al, 2015). Its high solubility in both organic and aqueous solvents but low viscosity of the aqueous solution favor its easy handling for industrial applications (Custodio et al, 2016).…”

“…They are rich sources of carotenoid pigments, omega-3-fatty acids, phycocyanin, fucosterols, iodine organic products, mannitol, macro-and microelements, vitamins A, B, C and E, unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenols, sulfated polysaccharides, essential amino acids, peptides and proteins (Boopathy and Kathiresan, 2010;Lee et al, 2013;Moghadamtousi et al, 2014;Menshova et al, 2016). Marine algae have been classified as Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta which are known as red, brown, green seaweeds and blue-green algae, respectively and till date, almost 680 species have been identified (Boopathy and Kathiresan, 2010;Silva and Alves et al, 2012). This classification has been done by botanists on the basis of the photosynthetic pigments present (Cunha and Grenha, 2016).…”

Konversi Koral Laut Menjadi Hidroksiapatit Dengan Metode Sonikasi

“…Material pengganti tulang yang tersusun atas hidroksiapatit, telah digunakan secara luas untuk aplikasi biomedis seperti di bidang periodontologi dan ortopedi. Hidroksiapatit digunakan karena memiliki sifat biokompatibilitas, bioaktivitas, osteokonduktif, non toksik dan non imunogenik (Silva et al 2012).…”

“…Gabungan antara rangka CaCO 3 dan interkonektivitas antar pori, menjadikan koral potensial sebagai bahan pengganti tulang (Clarke et al 2011). Penelitian sebelumnya menyebutkan bahwa koral kurang sesuai untuk beberapa aplikasi biomedis karena tingkat disolusinya lebih cepat dan memiliki kestabilan struktur yang lemah sehingga menimbulkan reaksi inflamasi ketika dijadikan implan (Silva et al 2012;Correlo et al 2011;Yoo, Park, and Lee 2015). Untuk mengatasi keterbatasan tersebut, perlu dilakukan konversi rangka kalsium karbonat pada koral laut menjadi struktur yang lebih stabil yaitu kalsium fosfat sebagai penyusun coralline hydroxyapatite (CHAp).…”

“…Konversi koral laut menjadi hidroksiapatit menghasilkan coralline hydroxyapatite (CHAp) dengan persamaan reaksi sebagai berikut (Silva et al 2012;Correlo et al 2011 merupakan vibrasi karbonat (CO 3 2-) yang khas dari unsur aragonit. Hasil tersebut sejalan dengan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh (Singh et al 2016).…”